Job Satisfaction Among The Faculty Members Education Essay

It is difficult fact that the quality of instruction in any state depends upon the quality of the instructors. A high quality learning staff is the basis of a successful educational system. Attracting and retaining high quality instructors is a primary necessity for instruction in any state. One measure in developing a high quality module is to understand the factors associated with learning quality and keeping. One of these factors is occupation satisfaction, which has been studied widely by organisational research workers and has been linked to organisational committedness every bit good as to organisational public presentation. Job satisfaction is a complex variable and is influenced by situational factors of the occupation every bit good as the dispositional features of the person. It clearly shows that there are figure of factors which affect occupation satisfaction of module members. Though tonss of surveies has been done on the subject occupation satisfaction but still some work demand to be done, which is completed by this paper. The chief purpose of this paper is as to roll up all the factors impacting occupation satisfaction under one umbrella. This paper helps research bookmans to place some more factors which affect or may impact occupation satisfaction. Cardinal words: Job satisfaction, Recognition and Appreciation, Physical environment, Opportunities for publicity, Leadership manner.IntroductionJob Satisfaction comprises of two words â€Å" Job † and â€Å" Satisfaction † .A Before we define the phrase, it is of import to understand the word â€Å" satisfaction † . Satisfaction is defined as the fulfilment or satisfaction of a desire, demand, or appetite. Gratification is a province of being gratified or satisfied. Therefore, one can reason that â€Å" satisfaction † is an internal feeling and no sum of external pleasances or amenitiess can fulfill you unless you want â€Å" to experience † satisfied.A The term ‘Job Satisfaction ‘ , nevertheless, deficiencies adequate definition ( Herzberg et al. 1957 ) every bit good as a satisfactory theory about its significance. The difference in a wide spectrum of positions seems to be caused foremost by the assorted nature of occupations that persons perform ; secondly the effort to gestate occupation satisfaction in a assortment of ways by different subjects like Psychology, Sociology, Education and Management, etc. , and eventually, the assortment of methods employed by assorted research workers to analyze occupation satisfaction. In simple footings, the realisation of workers ‘ physical and psychological outlooks constitutes occupation satisfaction. An single joins an organisation with certain outlooks and when these outlooks come true the single becomes pleased with his/ her organisation and his/her occupation, and this increases his/her efficiency and public presentation ( Nelson & A ; Quick, 1995 ) . However, when these outlooks do non run into with work conditions, occupation satisfaction does non happen, and as a consequence ; the worker loses public presentation and efficiency and might even undermine the occupation or discontinue it. It is of import to forestall workers from experiencing disappointed and maximise their efficiency and public presentation by placing and modulating the factors that affect occupation satisfaction ( Noe, et Al. 1997 ) . Job satisfaction or dissatisfaction is the consequence of assorted attitudes, the individual holds towards his occupation, towards the related factors and towards life in general. Job satisfaction is reflected in the attitudes people hold towards their occupations, positive attitude towards the occupation connote satisfaction with it and negative attitudes towards it connote dissatisfaction with it. Therefore occupation satisfaction is the terminal province in feeling, attach toing the attainment by an urge of its aim. Job satisfaction is related to human demands and their fulfilment through work. In fact, occupation satisfaction is generated by the person ‘s perceptual experience of how good his occupation on the whole is fulfilling his assorted demands. The demand for satisfaction and satisfaction is a uninterrupted procedure. Job satisfaction at a point of clip depends upon the workers aspiration degree and grade of dissatisfaction he gets from his occupation. If the work state of affairs fulfills the desires of the employees, it is to be expected that their attitude be given to be favourable. In bend defeat ensuing from such desires, tends to bring forth unfavourable attitudes and perchance by a kind of concatenation reaction, ill will, hapless occupation public presentation, attending jobs, high turnover and other unwanted side effects. Harmonizing to Kochan ( 1978 ) , Job Satisfaction is the whole matrix of occupation factors that make a individual like his work state of affairs and is willing to caput for it without antipathy at the beginning of his work twenty-four hours. This means that Job satisfaction includes two facets: Life and basking the occupation and Traveling to one ‘s occupation with caput erect and smilings. Therefore Job satisfaction is a combination of psychological, physiological and environmental fortunes that cause a individual truthfully to state, â€Å" I am satisfied with my occupation † . Thus occupation satisfaction is a favourableness with which employees views their work.Importance of Job SatisfactionJob satisfaction has been the centre of the concentration for research workers over three decennaries. The grounds for such concentration are manifolds:To the worker1. Job satisfaction brings a enjoyable emotional province that can frequently leads to a positive work attitude. 2. A satisfied worker is more likely to be originative, flexible, advanced, and loyal. 3. A satisfied worker is more committed towards his organisation. 4. It improves their quality of life. 5. It improves their physical and mental wellness.For the organisation1. It improves the quality of work. 2. It improves the measure of production. 3. It improves the good will of the organisation. 4. It reduces the enlisting and preparation cost. 5. It creates peaceable working environment. 6. It attracts good endowment from exterior. Therefore, it is really of import for the organisation ‘s to do all the attempts to do their employees satisfied otherwise effects can be really bad. Following header explain the effects of low occupation satisfaction.Effectss of low Job SatisfactionHigh AbsenteeismAbsenteeism means it is a accustomed form of absence from responsibility or duty. When the employees are non satisfied from their work or organisation so they often remain more absent, which indicates non proper use of organisational resources. It is non good for the organisation hereafter and success. High low low High Job satisfact ion Rate of turnover and absences A Bacillus Fig.no. 1 Curve demoing relationship between occupation satisfaction and rate of turnover and absenteeism. In the above diagram line AB shows inverse relationship between occupation satisfaction and rate of turnover and rate of absenteeism. As the occupation satisfaction is high the rates of both turnover and absenteeism is low and vise a versa.2. High Employee turnoverIn human resource, Turnover refers to the rate at which an employer additions and losingss the staff. When the employees are non satisfied so they are more willing to discontinue the occupation and want to fall in another organisation. If the employer is said to be hold a high turnover rate of employees, so that company will hold shorter term of office than those of other companies.3. It increases enlisting and preparation cost additionsAs employees leave organisation due to miss of occupation satisfaction so Human resource director has to enroll new employees which increases the enlisting and preparation outgo of the company.4. Low ProductivenessIf the employee is non satisfied with his/her occupation so his/her productiveness lessenings and vice-versa.5. Poor quality of workIf the employee is non satisfied with his/her occupation so his/her productiveness decreases every bit good as he will non make bring forth merchandises of good quality.6. It ruins the Goodwill of the organisation.Low satisfaction forces the employees to discontinue and fall in new occupation. It ruins organisations good will.7. It ruins physical and mental wellness of people.Dissatisfaction with one time occupation may hold particularly volat ile spillover effects on many other things such as household life, leisure activities etc. Many unsolved personality jobs and maladjustments originate out of individual inability to happen satisfaction in his work. Both scientific survey and insouciant observation provide ample grounds that occupation satisfaction is of import for the psychological accommodation and happy life of single.Factors impacting Job satisfactionAs the clip changes the new factors impacting occupation Satisfaction are besides increasing at a high gait. Following are the factors which affect the occupation satisfaction of module members at changing grade.1. PayOne of the most of import intents to make a occupation is to gain money because it is money merely through which needs, demands can be fulfilled. If one gets a fine-looking wage by which one can afford the life may do occupation satisfaction. But if the wage can non bear 1s expenditure so one can non be satisfied with the wage. Findingss from several su rveies underline wage as one of the most of import factors act uponing one ‘s degree of occupation satisfaction. In a survey conducted by Herzberg ( 1959 ) , employees who are dissatisfied with their wage, is likely that they are besides dissatisfied with their work. Sometimes it has besides been found out that other occupation related factors are non satisfactory but wage is good, in these sort of state of affairss employees are willing to function the organisations merely because of good wage, which does n't accommodate the profession of a instructor.2. AppellationIt means appellation like lector, Senior Lecturer, Asst Professor, etc. Designation besides affects occupation satisfaction. If one is holds a rank harmonizing to his/her making, experience so it gives them satisfaction and vice-versa.3. Recognition & A ; AppreciationIt is human nature whatever we did we want shot for it, which gives us satisfaction. The same thing is applicable for instructors excessively. If they did some good work they want acknowledgment and grasp for the same. In a survey that was carried out in 23 Rumanian organisations, acknowledgment and grasp were found to be actuating factors responsible for increased effectivity of employees at work and their high degrees of occupation satisfaction ( Farhad Analoui, 1999 ) . When people are non recognized and appreciated they lose their willingness, involvement from work which reduces the quality of their work. Therefore, employees should be recognized and appreciated for their good work.4. Opportunity for PromotionPromotion means the opportunities for promotion in hierarchy. Everyone wants to win and wants to travel upwards in his/her calling ladder. Employee perceptual experiences about chance for publicity are besides another determiner that influences occupation satisfaction. When chance for publicity is available than it gives satisfaction to the employees and vice-versa. One study found that a sensed deficiency of publicity chances was the strongest ground why federal employees left authorities service ( U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board 1987 ) .5. Interpersonal RelationshipsMan is a societal animate being. She/he can non populate entirely they want company of others to pass clip, to bask life, to portion feelings. She/he wants good relationship with their supervisor, co-workers, colleagues and with everyone. Some surveies have shown that the better the relationship, between fellow workers and between workers and their immediate foreman, the greater the degree of occupation satisfaction ( Arne L. Kalleberg and Loscocco, 1983 ) .6. Demographic FactorsSurveies have shown that age, gender have of import effects on occupation satisfaction.a ) AgeAge besides play an of import in impacting occupation satisfaction. In the earlier surveies conducted by Kalleberg and Loscocco, ( 1983 ) older workers were more satisfied than younger workers. But in present s cenario it is seen that older employees are less satisfied in comparing to immature employees. It is because with the addition in the age and experience outlooks of senior module members are besides increasing. If they are non met it causes dissatisfaction.B ) GenderThe bulk of surveies that focus on module satisfaction have explored the relationship between satisfaction and gender. Most of these surveies have found that male module members have higher degrees of overall occupation satisfaction than female module members, peculiarly in footings of benefits and salary received ( Bilimoria et al. , 2006 ; Callister, 2006 ; Hult et al. , 2005 ; Olsen et al. , 1995 ; Settles et al. , 2006 ; Tack & A ; Patitu, 1992 ) . On the other manus, Ward and Sloane ( 2000 ) did non happen any important differences between male and female module members in overall degrees of occupation satisfaction. They did detect, nevertheless, that male module members had about three times the satisfaction degrees of female module members when it comes to promotion chances. Okpara et Al. ( 2005 ) and Oshagbemi ( 1997 ) found that female module members in higher academic ranks expressed more satisfaction with their occupations than their male equals.degree Celsius ) Marital Status and ChildrenMarital position and kids can besides impact module satisfaction. The consequences of surveies that explore the relationship between matrimony and module occupation satisfaction have yielded assorted consequences. On the one manus, matrimony has been shown to increase satisfaction degrees for module members ( Cetin, 2006 ; Hagedorn, 2000 ; Leung, Siu, & A ; Spector, 2000 ) . Yet, some surveies have shown that matrimony can hold a negative impact on module occupation satisfaction ( Aisenberg & A ; Harrington, 1988 ; Bryson, Bryson, & A ; Johnson, 1978 ) . Additionally, the presence of kids in the family has been found to impact occupation satisfaction. Carr and Ash ( 1998, p. 536 ) found that â€Å" adult females with kids published less, had slower self-perceived c alling advancement, and were less satisfied with their callings than were work forces with kids. †7. Engagement in determination devisingThe degree of satisfaction besides depends upon the sort of engagement in determination doing procedure of organisation. If determination devising procedure is participative so employees are satisfied and vice-versa.8. Support in research work.A instructor can be successful merely when he carries both undertaking together i.e. Teaching to the pupils and his research work. He can non make his research work successfully until and unless support is given by the college. If support is available from the college so it gives satisfaction to him/her. Furthermore, his research work brings celebrity to the college besides.9. Support in TeachingThe hereafter of the state is in the custodies of instructor. If the proper clip for talk readying, clip to maintain update about the current personal businesss is non given to the instructors so they can non gi ve fruitful talks, which at the same clip botch the clip of both instructor every bit good as pupils. This sort bringing of talks does non give them satisfaction. In order to give good talks proper clip should be given to the instructors which in return give them occupation satisfaction. Therefore, the organisations are required to supply sufficient burden to the instructors which helps them in keeping balance between different plants.10. Support for higher surveies.So many module members want to travel for higher surveies while staying in the occupation. They can accomplish their dream merely when college supports them and motivates them. If support is available from college side it provides satisfaction to employees and vive-versa.11. Equal Opportunities Working EnvironmentOther factors that affect one ‘s degrees of occupation satisfaction appear to be related to ethical issues and single differences. Workers prefer an equal chances environment where they will be respected i n footings of their race, faith, gender, educational background, physical disablement etc. An environment as such encourages workers to experience equal among them and contributes to occupation satisfaction ( Finchham & A ; Rhodes, 1994 ) 12. Opportunity to Use One ‘s Abilities God bestowed everyone with some abilities. At the same clip everyone wants to utilize his/her ability. If one is non given the chance to utilize his/her ability than one can non acquire satisfaction out of his occupation because he is wholly working under the direction of others. In simple words, employees by and large need and wish occupations that make usage of their abilities. ( National Commission on the State and Local Public Service, 1993 )13. Physical EnvironmentPhysical environment covers substructure of the edifice, category suites, furniture and other inside, instructors room, lavatories, specially, female instructors lavatories, computing machine installations, telephone, facsimile, communicating and location of the College, transit installation, etc. Physical environment is straight linked with occupation satisfaction. If one ‘s get favourable physical environment he or she may be satisfied with the occupation. Opposite is true that unfavourable working environment creates dissatisfaction.14. Academic makingAcademic making is the criterion of one ‘s academic background. Such making is asked for using any occupation. Geting occupation as per one ‘s academic making will fulfill him or her, on the other manus if some one ‘s occupation is inferior to his or her academic making brings dissatisfaction to him or her. So there is a direct relationship between occupation satisfaction and academic making.15. Leadership mannerThe sort of leading manner the employee gets besides affects his satisfaction. Head instructors who adopt individualistic manners of leading, for illustration may be considered to exercise really small influence on the college. Bigotry of the caput instructor or torment in the name of supervising by the senior instructors many clip cause dissatisfaction. Participative manner of leading is the best which provides satisfaction to workers.16. Handiness of foliages for go toing Seminars, Conferences and FDPs.In order t o be successful in his/her academic calling one demand to go to figure of seminars, conferences, Faculty Development Programs, Workshops, etc. In order to go to it one needs to take leave from college. If leave is available to go to them than it gives satisfaction to the module members and vice-versa. 17. Policy and Administration The policy and disposal of college besides influence the satisfaction. If policies are just and every bit applicable to all so it gives satisfaction and vice-versa. At the same clip if disposal is active in taking action so it gives satisfaction and vice-versa.18. Handiness of different sorts of leaveIn every organisation different sort of leave are available like insouciant leave, medical leave, survey leave, Maternity leave, etc. If there is transparence in the handiness of leave so it gives satisfaction to faculty members and vice-versa.19. Work itselfIt includes the extent to which the occupation provides the person with interesting undertakings, chances for acquisition, and the opportunity to accept duty. If these things are available so it causes satisfaction and vice-versa.20. Quality of pupilsAnother really of import factor which affects the satisfaction of instructors is the sort of pupils available for learning. If the pupils are really dull and do non inquire any cross inq uiry that it creates dissatisfaction among the module members and if the pupils are of good I.Q and inquire good inquiries from instructors than it gives satisfaction among the instructors as good do the category interactive and interesting.21. Feedback and its communicatingIf the feedback is given to the module members from clip to clip so it is easy for them to rectify it and do them better instructor and gives them satisfaction. Furthermore it is every bit of import how their feedback is communicated. If the feedback is positive so it must be appreciated in forepart of others and if it is negative it must be communicated personally so that the person should non experience humiliated. If it happens so the individual is non satisfied from his/her occupation.22. Handiness of clip to rede the pupils.It is the moral responsibility of the instructors to supply full satisfaction to its pupils by assisting them and work outing their questions to the Fuller extent. If clip is non availabl e to the instructors to work out the pupil ‘s questions due to talk burden or due to some other college duty so it causes dissatisfaction among them and botch their image excessively and vice-versa.23. Working HourssToday ‘s coevals before taking occupation gives equal focal point on working hours excessively. If on the job hours are excessively long than personal life disturbs which in return affect professional life excessively. The same thing is applicable in faculty members excessively. If on the job hours are excessively long than instructors do non hold the clip for their household every bit good as to fix following twenty-four hours talk which reduces their satisfaction degree. 24. Freedom to take methods of learning It means the chance to utilize ain methods of instructions. If instructors are bound to learn the pupils in a peculiar manner like through Projector, OHP, etc so they are non satisfied because everyone wants to utilize his/her ain method to learn the pupils and frailty versa.25. FlexibilityToday ‘s clip, demand and outlooks of people has alterations a batch. Now people want flexibleness in their working form. It means now instructors want when they have their scheduled talk they come to the college and deliver and leave every bit shortly as it gets over and after finishing their other work. If such sort of installation is available so it causes satisfaction to them and vice-versa.26. CultureIt is the civilization merely which distinguish the one organisation from other. It is besides fact that civilization of the organisation plays a really of import function in act uponing the occupation satisfaction of workers. Organizational civilization here it means college civilization. O rganizational civilization is the societal gum that binds members of the organisation together. The relationship between superior and low-level, determination devising, deputation of authorization, types of leading, and bureaucratic power are portion of organisational civilization. Job satisfaction is related to these standards. If all these things are impersonal or positive so it gives satisfaction to employees or vice-versa. 27. Library installations In order to learn rich content a teacher demand to confer with good figure to books. The teacher satisfaction degree besides depends upon how much book installation is given to them from the college side. If instructors are given full freedom to entree any figure of books, diaries so their satisfaction degree will be higher and vice-versa.28. Social positionThe sort the societal position your college will supply besides affects the satisfaction degree of instructors. If one is working in a really reputed college so his satisfaction will be higher in comparing to others.29. Personal LifeIt has direct nexus with occupation satisfaction. If a individual is happy and satisfied in his personal life than he enjoys making his occupation excessively which gives his occupation satisfaction.30. Transportation system installationsIf the transit installation is available to the instructors so it gives them satisfaction and frailty versa.31. Job SecurityJob security means keeping a occupation tha t provides a safe hereafter. Everyone wants security of his/her occupation. If one is secure about his hereafter than it is easy for him/her to concentrate on his/her occupation good, which in return give them satisfaction. Ashford et al. , ( 1989 ) examined the impact of occupation insecurity on organizational committedness and occupation satisfaction and found that occupation insecurity is leads to cut down satisfaction and committedness. There is besides grounds were occupation insecurity reduces occupation public presentation ( Rosow & A ; Zager, 1985 ) .DecisionFrom the above informations it can be concluded that there are figure of factors which causes satisfaction and dissatisfaction to faculty members. But there is no standard factor which affect all at the same time. Their impact is changing from individual to individual. It happens that the factor which causes dissatisfaction to one may do satisfaction to other or does non impact him at all. At the same clip these factors are non limited. There can be more factors which open more avenues research.

Ten Alpina Tools

Giulia seems to be excited about the opportunity to own her own business doing something that she loves. There is a high level of uncertainty here in whether or not Giulia would make a profitable business. It seems that there is room for improvement in the current operations since all 6 workers were cross trained and they were currently only busy for about one weeks worth of labor time per month. Giulia does have an MBA and may be able to recognize ways to use the resources more efficiently and keep production costs down. Giulia will need to practice her strategic thinking to determine how to balance the resources on hand to make this situation work. If she can offer the units for $11.70 or higher, she may be able to maintain the business but she will need to drive down the production costs to sustain profits. If any equipment needs repairs or the building needs renovations, those costs are not going to be covered under her current pricing plan. Also, if production increases, variabl e costs may also increase so it will be important for Giulia to pay close attention to this.After reading the case we identified the following risks;1) Graduate School/ MBA: The case takes place as Giulia is returning from summer break after her first year. Given the intense work load of an MBA program and the workload requirements of a startup/expansion, we have to question if she can do both effectively. Quantitative Analysis: LOW†¦. This is more of a time and lifestyle concern.2) Loss of the single customer contract: Anytime a business is relying on a single customer it’s a risk. Giulia is using the cash flow from this customer to support the new venture. There is not a strong history here for her to count on and lack of data increases risk. In addition she also is highly at risk should her customer go out of business or find another supplier; she would be hard pressed to meet her monthly burn rate.In fact there is no evidence in the case that her business could survi ve without that contract. Quantitative Analysis: HIGH†¦.. The key issue here is that the business is running on very thin margins and the cash flow from this customer is critical for Giulia to cover her fixed and variable costs. There is no evidence that she has cash reserves or any access to investors.3) Employee/Operations issues: Giulia has no experience in this industry and we have no evidence that she has ever managed people or managed a manufacturing process. Due to her thin margins any interruption in production would be devastating. Quality is a huge concern here and although her team is â€Å"cross trained† on all the equipment it’s reasonable to assume that there will be employee turnover.She will need to replace them and we don’t know what they training cycle is and how it will impact  production and quality. Qualitative Analysis: HIGH†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Production ties directly to the ability to fulfill the contract. This contract is key to her cas h flow and the margins are small. Giulia needs to determine the new employee training cycle and factor that into production and cash flow projections.4) Increased Costs: If Giulia experiences an increase in production or fixed costs she is in a very risky situation. Her margins are thin and we have no evidence of cash reserves. Qualitative Analysis: HIGH†¦.. Any increase to costs cuts into margins. Giulia is not in a position to handle such increases.5) Re negotiation or delays on the single contract: The single customer could ask for a lower price point, lower volume or attempt to renegotiate payment terms. Qualitative Analysis: HIGH†¦.. As we have seen a key concern in this case are the margins. Any decrease in price or payment schedule will have a direct impact on Giulias ability to cover her costs

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Generational poverty is an unfortunate issue which affects individuals, families, and cultures all over the world. Generational poverty is considered a very complex problem due to the length of time and ways it affects certain families as an entirety. The severity of this issue makes it extremely difficult to find any resolutions in improving this epidemic. If a family is experiencing generational poverty, they have had to live in poverty for a minimum of two generations.According to Cleveland, â€Å"It is important to recognize this time factor to be able to separate it from â€Å"situational poverty,† characteristically understood as a lack of resources due to particular sets of events, i. e. a death, chronic illness, divorce, etc. ,† (n. d. ). Almost every family and individual decision is made for the present. Individuals are not taught to think ahead and plan for their future. This is a trending factor in the difficulty in overcoming generational poverty.Members wh om belong to generational poverty have a sense of entitlement from society. Individuals have a constant defense mechanism to society as a whole. The most significant aspect to families suffering from generational poverty is that the â€Å"momma† is the central figure and focus to the family. The mom is what feels safe to the family. She is the ultimate caregiver to individuals in her family and to her house. Even after her children have grown into adults, both the mother and children have a difficult time with the child becoming independent.Love is the center of â€Å"momma’s† home. The male figure in generational poverty is responsible for the manual labor and will fight for their family. Although they display a rough outer layer, they still show a great love for the members in their family. Even though there is a constant, huge amount of love, most communication within the family maintains in a nonverbal form. Overcoming generational poverty can be a challengi ng task. There are several key factors when considering on improving the poverty status.Some of these factors include: Education is key in getting out and staying out of generational poverty, being in poverty is rarely about a lack of intelligence or ability, individuals stay in poverty because they do not see â€Å"choice†, or if they do, they do not know how to access proper resources or people to get them to the point of actually â€Å"choosing† to organize themselves, complete assignments, behave respectfully, plan for the future, and communicate in conventional register (Cleveland, n.d. ).Once a child is born into generational poverty, schools are one of the few places where they are exposed to certain choices and rules of how a higher class lives. This also allows the child access to resources and people who want to assist in the child rising from poverty. There are specific characteristics displayed in those suffering from generational poverty, which contribute to the difficulty in overcoming it. One of these characteristics is the â€Å"working memory†.â€Å"Neuroscientists discovered that the working memories of children raised in poverty are much smaller compared to those in middle-class,† (Pinoy, 2009). An individual’s brain capacity is a crucial part of their development. If a child is raised in a stressful household, the stress causes a limited supply of new nerve cells in the brain and memory. This can make it very difficult for the child to solve problems, read and properly communicate. The most effective way to begin overcoming generational poverty is for society to have a clear understanding of the complexity of this issue.Women face many unique challenges in the different stages of poverty life. Although, many issues that trap women and girls in generational poverty can be alleviated by a good education. Job prospects multiply with every level of school completed; better jobs bring more income and, consequen tly, more options for housing, transportation, child-care and healthcare. But, it is challenging for a woman to secure a good education due to the several setbacks. A woman in poverty does to have the ability or access to pay for necessary education for either her or her child(ren).A woman in poverty is consumed with the hours she spends working to care for the home and kids and feels this is the number one priority. It is also normal for the women to not have access to reliable transportation. According to Knight, â€Å"For a girl who seems to be making her way up the ladder out of generational poverty, pregnancy can be an enormous setback,† (2012). Mental health is even more likely to be neglected. The research shows that starting early by teaching girls life skills, such as financial  planning and goal setting, can reduce stress and increase self-esteem.Girls who live with hope and support are more likely to feel that they have inherent value and don’t have to dep end on others – including boys – for validation. In order to improve the challenges that women in poverty face, it is imperative for society to offer programs and convenience to teach these women on how to improve their life quality. Mentors should be available to provide services on sharing examples and how positive goals can be accomplished by taking the necessary steps.I have learned a great deal of information after viewing the informational videos and reading all the material on generational poverty. It has definitely changed my perspective on how I approach this special population. As most of the general population, stereotyping is a part of my daily life. I never truly understood the depth of the generational poverty issues that are present. I have learned that not only is there a lack of school environment education, but individuals suffering from generational poverty need educated on how to â€Å"properly† live life each day in order to obtain goals.I h ave also learned these families can love more than your average family. They have a very strong bond between the members within their family. While love is important and necessary, they also have a misperception of life goals. The implications of this destructive cycle are the reasons generational poverty continues to be an issue. It not only affects individuals, it affects the family structure for many generations. Society as a whole needs to determine more effective ways to break it.

How did the Civil war affect government in the United States Essay

How did the Civil war affect government in the United States - Essay Example The American Civil War affected the government of the United States in both positive and negative ways. The positive effect was the fleeing of slaves meaning there was no more slavery, no segregation of people that was done by looking at skin color and every citizen is being treated equally. Additionally, because of war the economic power of America increased and defeated that of stable countries of that time. Apart from the positive effects of the American civil war, there were negative ones such as the government becoming stronger and powerful making it to be known as a government with unlimited powers, the Southern citizens were forced back to the union, and their voting rights were taken away (Taylor 18). In addition, many families were also divided and without knowledge brothers fought each other which led to the intensifying of the civil war (Taylor 2). There were improvements that were noticed in the transportation sector the Erie Canal was opened in the year 1823 due to government support. In addition, the construction of the railroad in the year 1840 was termed a credit on the government side. Second, land policy was another issue of the civil war whereby the government distributed the land equally among the people in America. Thirdly, the federal government took part in regulating and leasing rules that were to govern the banking system in the United States introduced banking systems. Fourthly, the government took part in solving tariff differences that existed between the Southerners and Northerners. The Southerners on one hand were for the idea of buying produced goods externally with no duties imposed on while the people from the west had no idea of which side to go, and this caused a lot of controversy that forced the government to interfere (Ransom). Moreover, because of the civil war the government was obliged to acquiring loans from other developed nations to meet its financial obligations. This was to be paid easily by imposing revenues

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Reflective diary - Essay Example He does not really overtly manifest his beliefs, expectations, perceptions, assumptions, values, thoughts, deep-seated feelings and impactful experiences in his life. Take that iceberg and multiply it a hundredfold and you have a multi-faceted population who may only be bound a number of commonalities. Culture may be one of them, or gender, or age, but still, deep inside, they are unique individuals. Let’s say a person from a certain cultural background is plucked out of that environment and brought to a totally different one. Orberg (1960) theorized that his initial reaction would be culture shock because he is not accustomed to what he sees and experiences in that new place. He may be excited to be there and feel that it suits him really well because it addresses his own personal preferences for a living environment. Take someone else from the same culture he belongs to and bring him to the same new environment. He may likewise experience culture shock but not be excited lik e the first individual. On the contrary, he may be terribly upset for leaving his home culture because he was out of his comfort zone and needed to go back to it. Both people from the same culture may have different views and perceptions of the new culture and their reaction to it will depend on what they have â€Å"beneath the tips of their icebergs†. ... ), but after some time, he might realize that it is something very different from what he was accustomed to, so he becomes frustrated and confused (morning after stage). This is the time when homesickness sets in, and is described as the dip in the U-curve. Eventually, as he learns to adjust to his new environment, he slowly regains his positive disposition. This pattern is not limited to adjustment to living in a new country. It may also be adjustment to a new job, new school, phase of life, etc. where the individual experiences a different culture. Adjusting to the people in the new culture may be challenging especially if there is a language barrier. If so, the individual will rely on non-verbal communication to understand the natives. He also needs to know the new culture and be aware the people’s beliefs, value system, food, traditions, etc. David Kolb (1984) explains four stages of learning experiences. These are having concrete experiences, reflective observations of wh at was just experienced, abstract conceptualisation or extracting learning from the experience and finally the active experimentation leading to new experiences thereby completing the full learning cycle. For an individual immersed in a new culture, he needs to establish rapport with others and establish smooth interpersonal relationships. Especially in settings where people from various cultures come to live and work together, each person adopts certain roles to play to contribute to the team. Belbin (1981) has come up with team roles. Team roles improve self-knowledge and understanding among individuals and teams. They also depict a current behavioral pattern at a certain point in a person’s life. Preferences aren't fixed, since many factors can influence behaviour, whether a new job,

Petroleum Product Engineering Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Petroleum Product Engineering - Coursework Example According to the STEO report of 2015, the inventory for the global oil has been projected to maintain an average of 1.3 million bbl/day. This oil inventory is on top of the average increase of 0.9 million bbl/d in 2014 (IEA, 2015). Despite the overwhelming supply of oil for the global consumption, the discovery of potential oil reserves never stops. Over the decades, the oil reserves have explored the offshore oil resources, where the potentials are high. The offshore is considered as the next frontier when it comes to the global oil supply. The field of petroleum engineering continues to find innovation that focuses on the discovery of oil reserves, processes for oil extraction and refinery, drilling mechanisms, and other related activities. Offshore drilling is one of the greatest innovations for the petroleum engineering that contributed greatly to the continuous supplication of oil in the whole world. Offshore drilling technology is the mechanical process that involves the drilling of a wellbore along the seabed. This technology is specifically carried out for exploration purposes with its wide applications for discovering oil reserves found along the seabed (Beckman, 2014). The offshore technology in the oil industry started in the year 1950s where the first technologies include semi-submersible rigs and deepwater drillships. Throughout the years, the technologies for offshore drilling keeps on advancing, where there are various types of offshore facilities made available for application in various depths of water. Since its discovery, the offshore drilling technology consistently grows over the years. In fact, it is considered as one of the main sources for oil and petroleum for two decades and more. In the year 2005, the top most producer of oil using offshore facilities comes from the Persian Gulf (Sandrea and Sandrea, 2007). The Persian Gulf is now considered as the world’s top oil producer where the largest oil reserve are

Capital Accumulation for Beautiful You Ltd Essay

Capital Accumulation for Beautiful You Ltd - Essay Example This report will point out the documents need to be prepared and the various mandatory procedures Alethra Brotherton and her partner and Beautiful You Ltd. need to comply  with, in order to issue the shares to Expansion Capital plc or, alternatively,  borrow the money from the bank and create the security required.   I. Legal Procedures and Documentation Required According to Bos (1969), every business transaction is a legal activity as each business concern is a separate legal entity. In the given case, there are two options available for the Beautiful You Ltd to finance its planned expansion. One is to acquire ?150,000 from Expansion Capital plc in return of one third of the shares of the company. The second option allows the company to receive ?100,000 from the company’s bank on the strength of a fixed charge over the new shop premises. In order to proceed with both these options, the Beautiful You Ltd has to prepare certain documentations and comply with other legal procedures. If the company decides to finance its proposed business expansion plan by acquiring funds from Expansion Capital plc, it needs to issue one third of its shares to Expansion Capital plc. Since the Beautiful You Ltd is a private company, it is not required to state the authorized share capital. However, if the Beautiful You Ltd has registered before 01.10.2009, it would have an authorized share capital provision in its memorandum of association if it has not been removed. In such a situation, the Beautiful You Ltd can issue shares only up to its authorized capital amount which is stated under the capital clause of the memorandum of association. If the company has no sufficient authorized capital available, it must amend the articles before the share issue. A copy of the passed resolution, a form of G123, and the altered memorandum must be registered at Companies House. However, these procedures do not affect the Beautiful You Ltd if it had been formed after 01.10.2009. Alt hough the share allotment is a matter of management, the directors are subjected to some statutory obligations in order to prevent abuses of powers. The directors have the authority to allot shares if the company has only one class of shares; this provision is also subjected to specific restrictions in the company’s articles (sec550, CA 2006). In contrast, a special resolution (sec51, CA 2006) or a provision in the company’s articles must authorize the directors to allot shares if the company has more than one class of shares. While taking a decision regarding share issuance to the Expansion Capital plc, the beautiful You Ltd must consider the pre-emptive rights for existing members, which have been defined as statutory pre-emptive rights in sec561, CA 2006. However, the Beautiful You Ltd can exclude these rights by either a provision in the company’s articles or by passing a special resolution (sec569-sec571). When the Beautiful You Ltd takes such a capital acc umulation decision, some of its existing shareholders may waive their rights to them. Under such circumstances, the company has the legal obligation to offer shares to them. After ensuring that all the above matters has been attended, the directors of the Beautiful You Ltd may resolve to allot shares by clearly stating number and class of shares, the price paid, the allottees, whether for cash or other assets. The directors must issue share certificate to the Expansion

Financial Ratios. Jardine Cycle and Carriage Research Paper

Financial Ratios. Jardine Cycle and Carriage - Research Paper Example SWOT Analysis from Financial Perspective 13 5. Conclusion and Recommendation 14 6. References 16 16 7. Appendices 21 7.1 Appendix 1: Profit and Loss Account of Jardine Cycle & Carriage Ltd. (2010, 2009, 2008, 2007) 21 7.2 Appendix 2: Balance Sheet of Jardine Cycle & Carriage Ltd. (2010, 2009, 2008, 2007) 24 7.3 Summary/Workings for Financial Ratios 27 1. Introduction 1.1 Financial Health of the Company Jardine Cycle and Carriage Limited is an investment bearing company. The company is engaged in the processes of manufacturing, assembling, distributing and selling through retail chains various motorcycles and motor parts. The company operates in various parts of the world: Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia (Bloomberg Business Week, 2011). The paper has been designed with the aim of assessing the financial position of the company. Although Jardine Cycle and Carriage is a company dealing with diversifying businesses, the focus of the company is upon the market of Southeast Asia . In the list of Singapore’s top companies, Jardine Cycle and Carriage is raked within the top 20 positions. The company is holding a stake of 50.1% in Astra and has strong strategic interest upon it. However, the company undertakes its business within the automotive segment of the market. In the recent times, the financial health of the company is much influenced by its record performance due to its stake in Astra. Though the conditions of trading in Singapore and Vietnam stock markets are challenging, the company has depicted satisfactory performance for its stakeholders. The satisfaction was provided through announcement of proposed 69% enhancement in the full year dividend of the company. The financial health of the company can be summarised through the fact that the chief businesses of the company had achieved a tremendous growth during the year 2010. The financial health even strengthened through the firmness of Rupiah in Indonesia (Jardine Cycle & Carriage, 2010). 1.2 Investment (Investors’) Objective of the Company The investment objective of Jardine Cycle and Carriage from the perspective of enhancing investors’ stake in the company is to attain a wider foundation of earning for the investors. The company aims at continuously striving for investment opportunities with sustenance of its investment position in its various business segments, i.e., financial services, automotive, agribusiness, infrastructure and logistics, heavy equipment and mining and information technology (Jardine Cycle & Carriage Ltd., 2011). The group Managing Director (MD) is confident about the future outlook of the company in the coming days and hopes that the company would definitely succeed in sustaining its strong position within the region’s automotive market. The investment decision that the company wants to sustain for maintaining its strong position within the market is with regards to extension of its assortment of dealerships all around the wo rld (Jardine Cycle & Carriage Ltd., 2011). 2. Company Financial Background The financial background of the company is much dependent upon the business activities that it performs. The following figure depicts the groups of business activities performed by Jardine Cycle and Carriage: Source: ((Jardine Cycle & Carriage, 2010). Astra, where the company holds its major stake, had depicted great performance during the year 2010 with record profit earnings. Astra performed excellently in each segments of its businesses apart from contract mining. The functions of Astra with respect to its consumer finance segment were able to generate enormous profits with the improvement in the debt position, constant margin of interest rates and proficient liquidity

The effects of light and darkness on harvester ants and their ability Lab Report

The effects of light and darkness on harvester ants and their ability to dig tunnels in dry and moist sand - Lab Report Example They are also favored in exposed and open areas whereby their nests can be about 4.5 meters deep underground (MacKay, 1981). The experiment was divided into 3 groups including control group and experimental group. The two experimental groups had both moist and dry sand but one had darkness and light while the other had darkness. Basing on the results, it was observed that there was a difference on the effect of light and darkness on the ability of the ant to dig the tunnel. Also the ants were observed to have a great ability to dig tunnels in dry sand than wet sand. The light promoted the ants in the digging of the tunnels. Therefore, it can be concluded that light supports the ant in digging the tunnels while darkness does not. This is clearly evident in the group of darkness. In this case, the measurements of the tunnel are lower in this group than that of light group both for dry and wet sand. It was also observed that the ants were more capable of digging tunnels in dry sand than in wet sand. This is true because according to the literature, it is well known that these ants typically live in dry deser t conditions. They are also favored in exposed and open areas whereby their nests can be about 4.5 meters deep underground (Lavigne, 1969). The results of the experiment were satisfactory because they were in line with the literature. They tend not to be confirmatory results and they may act as a basis for other further studies. This is because most of the issues were not considered to mimic the natural environment of the ants and this can affect their natural behavior, hence, leading to significant errors in the experiment. Thus, this can result to unscrupulous conclusion. Also the number of the ants needs to be considered, in the experiment the number of ants used tends not to be appropriate to give excellent results. In conclusion, the results mean that light and darkness have an impact on the ants’ behavior

Exchange Transfer Funds- BRZU Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exchange Transfer Funds- BRZU - Research Paper Example There is no assurance that the resources will achieve their aim (Direxion, 2014). The fund, under usual situations, creates long trends or series by investing at least eighty percent of its possessions in the securities that include the index and/or economic instruments that give leveraged and unleveraged vulnerability to the index. Index is premeditated to determine the performance of the big and middle cap subdivisions of the Brazil equity market, considering an estimated 85% of the free float-amended marketplace capitalization in Brazil (Wagner, 2012). The fund is non-varied. The Fund requires daily leveraged venture results comparative to its index and is dissimilar and riskier than likewise benchmarked EFTs that does not apply leverage. Consequently, the Fund is not anticipated to be utilized by, and is not suitable for, business investors who do not propose to keenly monitor and control their portfolios (Frush, 2012). The search of day by day leveraged investment objectives means that the gain of the Fund for a phase longer than a complete trading day may allow no similarity to 300% of the benefit of its index for such bigger period since the cumulative return of the Fund is the creation of the sequences of daily leveraged outcomes for each business day (Direxion, 2014). The path of the standard during the extended period could be at least as significant to the Fund’s gain for the r extended period as the collective return of the standard for the pertinent longer period, particularly in periods of market instability. Further, the outcome for investors that venture in projects for periods less than a complete trading day or for a phase different than an exchange period day will not be the establishment of the result of the Fund’s settled objective and the function of the objective index for the full business day. From the fund analysis, it has become more and more evident over the

High skilled or educated workers may face more difficulties in getting Essay

High skilled or educated workers may face more difficulties in getting employed compared to low skilled or educated workers - Essay Example On the other hand, there is a need to scrutinise the new role of low-skilled workers in the current job and industry requirements. In order to get a succinct understanding of the market competitiveness for skilled workers as compared to their low-skilled counterparts, this paper begins by looking at the theoretical perspective of the issue. This is then followed by a critical analysis of the many factors that influence market competitiveness for both skilled and low-skilled workers. Lastly, these factors are analyzed by using the case study of the labour market in the United States where skilled workers are becoming obsolescent to the advantage of the low-skilled and low-educated workers. One of the theory that explain the circumstance of the labour market where less skilled worker get hired than the skilled work force is the invisible hand theory. Adam Smith coined the term invisible hand denoting that the market should be free of interference from the government (Holcombe, 1999). However, the theory of invisible hand explains that market ought to be guided by the forces of demand and supply. Through this scarce resources are bound to be shared efficiently. This is also the circumstance in the labour sector. The forces of demand and supply supersede the skills more so where the market does not need specialised services (Holcombe, 1999). Therefore, the invisible hand theory explains the competiveness of non-skill workforce to that of skilled labourer (Holcombe, 1999). The high investment in higher education and skills necessary for a particular type of job is no longer fool proof of a better job. This is because the current market for skills is largely driven by laws of supply and demand. For many years, there has been a contemporary belief that high-skilled workers are often granted high priority in the job market. However, low-skilled workers

Critical evaluation - John Steinbeck-Of Mice and Men and Robert Ludlum-The Bourne Identity Essay Example for Free

Critical evaluation John Steinbeck-Of Mice and Men and Robert Ludlum-The Bourne Identity Essay Through the history of man; mathematicians, philosophers, teachers, and scientists have molded and shaped our world. These men and women, young and old, are responsible for the continually growing knowledge in todays youth. Upon studying the most influential educators, it was proven that writers and authors sustain every element of the society we live; love, passion, romance, adventure, drama, science fiction, and non-fiction. All of these categories exist for only one purpose, to entertain the minds who absorb the material. Entertaining authors make an exceptional story and none other than Robert Ludlum and John Steinbeck accomplish this feat better. In order to further understand these authors thirst to provide edge-of-the-seat entertainment, their past and present must be explored. Although these authors lived in two diverse locations, their driving desire for knowledge appears the same. Ludlum and Steinbeck attended college after high school, majoring in English. After graduating from Salinas High School in 1919, Steinbeck attended Stanford University from 1920-1925. Two years after Steinbeck left to pursue his writing career in New York, Robert Ludlum was born on May 25, 1927. Ludlum was educated privately and at the Chesire Academy, Connecticut. After appearing is school theatricals, he acted in the comedy Junior Miss on Broadway at the age of sixteen. His degree includes: B.A., Wesleyan University, Middletown, 1951. Having never graduated from Stanford University, Steinbecks life for the most part was low profile even after the publishing of his first books, Cup of Gold (1929), The Pastures of Heaven and To a God Unknown, which were all inadequately acknowledged by the literary world. Tortilla Flat (1935) was the noticeable turning point in Steinbecks literary career receiving the California Commonwealth Clubs Gold Medal for best novel. Steinbeck continued writing, and The Grapes of Wrath (1939) won him the Pulitzer Prize. The Nobel Prize was awarded to John Steinbeck for Literature in 1962 for his realistic as well as imaginative writings, distinguished by a sympathetic humor and a keen social perception. 1 Twenty-nine Academy Award nominations and four Academy Awards were given for revision of John Steinbecks stories. Literature lost one of its most accomplished and distinguished writers on December 20, 1968, in New York City; John Steinbeck died at the age of 66. However, on a more positive note, New York City was also the place where literature bore Robert Ludlum. Ludlum can be described as a modern day author. He is a well-known author writing twenty-one novels and selling over 290 million books in thirty-two different languages. Ludlum started his literary career relatively late because he was working in 1. Mobel Lectures; literature 1901-4967 the theatre as an actor and producer. One of the primary reasons Ludlum is such a suspenseful writer is due to the fact that he was born in an age where movies grabbed the attention of the public eye. In the 1950s, Ludlum worked as a stage and television actor. After producing 300 stage productions for New York and regional theatre, Ludlum wrote his first novel, The Scarlatti Inheritance (1971). Few writers are able to grasp global attention using unbelievable plots that spin into engrossing tales. John Steinbeck and Robert Ludlum are comparable writers. These two authors are very accomplished and their novels reputations speak for themselves. John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men and Robert Ludlums The Bourne Identity are the focus of this evaluation. Their works signify literary techniques that contribute to theme. The central theme in Of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck: human fates are constantly controlled by outside forces. The techniques he uses for example: repetition and symbolism are extremely successful in getting across his very cynical views on this theme. Similar techniques are used in Robert Ludlums The Bourne Identity. Uniquely writing; many of Ludlums techniques are present in his writing, but the reader is too engrossed in the story to recognize them. However, Ludlum writes meticulously in his story plots. When evaluated, the reader can distinguish that repetition and symbolism are also used as literary techniques that contribute to theme. Steinbeck and Ludlum use the technique of repetition to effectively build up the climax of the tragedy. In Of Mice and Men, Lennie unintentionally killed his mouse when petting it. This situation repeats itself further in the novel when Slim gives Lennie a puppy. When playing with the animal, Lennie gave the puppy a disciplining thump for biting him and he killed it. An incident, such as this, will be the downfall of George and Lennie. Near the end of the novel, Lennie strokes Curleys wifes hair. He holds too tightly and she gets frightened. Lennie was in a panic. 2 Climaxing, he attempts to quiet her, Dont you go yellin, he said, and he shook her, and her body flopped like a fish. And then she was still, for Lennie had broken her neck. 2 The repetition of unintentional death foreshadows a negative outcome for Lennie, his sealed fate. This action brought upon his own murder by George who shot him in the back of the head out of mercy for everything else that was weak and helpless. In this act of violence, George would not be considered a murderer, in fact, quite the opposite. George, instead, would be deemed a savor because he did Lennie a favor. 2. Steinbeck; 91 The Bourne Identity uses repetition in a similar fashion. The central character Jason Bourne faces memory loss, crippling him from discovering his true identity. His instincts and intelligence help guide him. The quote: You are not helpless. You will find your way. 3 is repeated on several occasions, which foreshadows success on Jasons behalf. Jasons rhetorical behavior when faced with stressful and difficult situations ends in same violent manner. Bourne grabbed the Frenchman in front of him now, his left arm around the mans throat, his right hand tearing at the mans left ear. 4 Without thinking, Jason reacts to the situation with poise and precision. Jasons rhetorical skills evoke his memory enough to enable him to think and act on his own to avoid death or capture. Whenever you observe a stress-and you have the time-do your damndest to project into it. Associate as freely as you can; let words and images fill your mind. In them you may find clues. 5 This quote is nearly repeated again, Whenever youre in a stress situation-and theres time, of course-do exactly as you would when you project yourself into one youre observing. Let your mind fall free, let whatever thoughts and images that surface come cleanly. Try not to exercise any mental discipline. Be a sponge; concentrate on everything and nothing. Specifics may come to you, certain repressed conduits electricity prodded into functioning. 6 except there is added tactics, which suggests that Jason is constantly learning. Through repetition Jason persistently advances his skills to obtain his past by varying his appearance, Change your hairyou change your face. 7 Soon after his skills advanced, Jason learned that his real name is David Webb who turns out as a young Far East scholar. Webb received a new identity from the Central intelligence (CIA) as Jason Bourne, a black ops agent. His primary objective was to kill Carlos, another far more advanced assassin, but was betrayed. As the plot twists, the CIA has given Jason quite a few hoops to jump through for his own survival. The climax builds to this particular moment in the novel, when Jason reverses the situation and uses the training the CIA gave him to kill the assassin Carlos. The climax appears to have truth because not only has Jason stopped being on the defensive side of this live or die game, but also his proficient skills have drawn him to his past profession to kill or be killed; fate. The interfering CIA has lost control of Bourne; however he is drawn back to his past line of work, which could result in death, so he ultimately loses. It could be said that Jason Bourne was born to be a professional assassin under anyones control. 3. Ludlum; 39, 43, 83 4. Ludlum; 64 5. Ludlum; 50 6. Ludlum; 82 7. Ludlum; 116, 161 Another technique that demonstrates John Steinbecks view of fate is the symbolism. Near the end of the novel, A watersnake glided smoothly up the pool, twisting its periscope head from side to side, and it swam the length of the pool and came to the legs of a motionless heron that stood in the shallows. A silent head and beak lanced down and plucked it out by the head, and the beak swallowed the little snake while its tail waved frantically. 8 The heron, stationary and patient, symbolizes fate, while the watersnake, vulnerable and unaware, its victim. The watersnake would most likely symbolize George. Not only does the Heron symbolize fate, it also symbolizes Lennie the burden to their dream. Steinbeck illustrates his view on fate once more by word choice. Words like lanced, plucked, and waiting suggest that Steinbeck believes that fate strikes assertively and specifically. Similarly, Robert Ludlum uses symbolism to project the same idea. Symbolism appears not as evident as repetition; however, present nonetheless. The CIA seems to be the entity or government corporation that symbolizes fate. Every element in the novel can be drawn back to something that the CIA has caused. Ludlum and Steinbeck believe fate to be all the same. In Ludlums case, the CIAs intricate plans and organized operations parallel Steinbecks idea that fate acts in the same manner, assertively and specifically. Of Mice and Men and The Bourne Identity are literally written in identical fashions. Steinbeck and Ludlum use character driven dialogue to tell the story. The point-of-views transpose between first person (the main characters) and third person (the narrator). The first person prospective uniquely projects to the reader each of the character thoughts and actions. The first person prospective gives a clear understanding of what exactly will happen, without all of the excess narration. However, the narration does an excellent job in describing the setting among other elements, such as flow between events. The events or chapters are present in both novels. Ludlum uses three books within his novel along with thirty five chapters because The Bourne Identity is far longer than the six chapters Of Mice and Men. This technique is apparent for the sole purpose of changing locations in the story with ease; in The Bourne Identity Jason and his companion travel to different countries, and in Of Mice and Men the only change of location appears within the town and ranch. These two books were written very similarly. Both switched between first and third person depending on what the best way to tell the story was. By changing point of views, Ludlum and Steinbeck were able to develop their themes more thoroughly. The technique of changing perspectives allowed the reader to identify with the main characters, but at the same time, know vital information that would be needed to understand the story. 8. Steinbeck; 99 Robert Ludlum and John Steinbeck are exceptional authors. There novels: The Bourne Identity and Of Mice and Men, respectively, have Robert Lattas praise. Woohoo, right? There are more positive, than negative, statements to be discussed. Particularly, Ludlums story is far more intriguing than Steinbecks. The plot and characters all are attention getters. The idea that a man with no memory has instincts that are above any normal man, and has answers to every question, except his name, is fascinating. The only downfall to Ludlums work appears to be the length of his novel, five hundred some odd pages, that turns out to be a lot of reading time. Steinbecks novel length; however, fits the taste well, only one hundred some pages. The olden story in Steinbecks novel, gets negative feedback because its entire plot stimulated nothing more than closing eye lids. Praising the literary device of repetition, this gave some indication that what was being read over again would prove useful in assembling a critical evaluation essay. The repetition also forces the information into your brain, meaning it holds significance. Moreover, the theme portrayed among these two novels had some relevance with our current lives, which also served another purpose to reading them Overall, the novels ended up balancing one another. A positive recommendation can be made for both these novels because something can be learned. WORKS CITED Lectures, Mobel. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962. [online] http://www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/1962/press.html Ludlum, Robert. The Bourne Identity. New York: Richard Marek, 1975 Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York: Penguin Books, 1978

History Of Computer Architecture First Generation Information Technology Essay

History Of Computer Architecture First Generation Information Technology Essay In 1945 Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer it was the first general purpose computer designed by Mauchly Echert, built by United States army to calculate  artillery  firing tables for ballistic shells during World War II. The machine was developed using vacuum tubes and relays, and it was programmed to work manually by setting switches. UNIVersal  Automatic  Computer  I (UNIVAC) 1950: It was the first commercial computer developed. John Von Neumann architecture: Goldstine and Von Neumann took the idea of ENIAC and developed concept of storing a program in the memory. Known as the Von Neumann architecture and has been the basis for virtually every machine designed since then. Features: Electron emit devices Data and programs are stored in a single read-write memory Memory contents are addressable by location, regardless of the content itself Machine language/Assemble language Sequential execution Second Generation (1950-1964) Transistors William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invent the transistor that reduce size of computers and improve reliability. First operating Systems: handled one program at a time On-off switches controlled by electricity High level languages Floating point arithmetic Third Generation (1964-1974) Integrated Circuits (IC) Microprocessor chips combines thousands of transistors, entire circuit on one computer ship Semiconductor memory Multiple computer models with different performance characteristics Smaller computers that did not need a specialized room Fourth Generation (1974-present) Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI)/Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) Combines millions of transistors Single-chip processor and the single-board computer emerged Creation of the Personal Computer (PC) Wide spread use of data communications Artificial intelligence: Functions logic predicates Object-Oriented programming: Objects operations on objects Massively parallel machine 32 bit architecture In computing 32 bit architecture refers to how a computer is build. In a 32 bit architecture computer the integer values can be stored in 32bits is 0 through 4,294,967,295 or à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2,147,483,648 through 2,147,483,647 using twos complement encoding. Bus architecture In  computer architecture a  bus  refers to structure handling data transmission between components inside a  computer system, or computer network which transmit binary numbers, one bit per wire. Modern computer buses can use both parallel and bit-serial connections, and can be wired in either a electrical parallel or  daisy chain  topology, or connected by switched hubs, as in the case of  USB. A microprocessor communicates with memory and other devices (input and output) using three busses: Address Bus Data Bus Control Bus. Address Bus   The address bus  is a  computer bus, which consist series of lines connecting two or more devices that is used to specify a  physical address. When R3900  processor   needs to read or write to a memory location, it specifies that memory location on the address bus sent through the  data bus. The width of the address bus determines the amount of memory a system can address. In toshiba R3900 Processor Core address bus can address 232  (4,294,967,296) memory locations which is 32bit. If each memory address holds one byte, the addressable memory space is 4 GB. Address bus is unidirectional, numbers only sent from microprocessor to memory, not other way. Data Bus A data bus is a  computer  subsystem that allows for the transferring of data from one component to another on a  motherboard  or system board. Data bus used to transmit data, information, results of arithmetic, etc, between memory and the microprocessor This can include transferring data to and from the memory, or from the  central processing unit  (CPU) to other components, it is bi-directional. The R3900 data bus is designed to handle so many bits of data at a time. The amount of data a data bus can handle is called bandwidth. The toshiba 32 bits R3900  processor  can transfer data through a data bus every second. At the same time they are making data buses to handle more bits, they are also making devices that can handle those higher bitrates Control Bus A  control bus  is (part of) a  computer bus, used by  CPUs  for communicating with other devices within the computer. The control bus will tell the memory that we are either reading from a location, specified on the address bus, or writing to a location specified. Various other signals to control and coordinate the operation of the system. The R3900 32 bit buss, which allow larger number of instructions, more memory location, and faster arithmetic. Microcontrollers organized along same lines, except: because microcontrollers have memory etc inside the chip, the busses may all be internal. In the microprocessor the three busses are external to the chip (except for the internal data bus). In external busses, the chip connects to the busses via buffers, which are simply an electronic connection between external bus and the internal data bus. Memory management unit  (MMU) Memory management unit  (MMU) is also called as  paged memory management unit  (PMMU), is a  computer hardware component responsible for handling accesses to  memory  requested by the  CPU. Its functions include translation of  virtual addresses  to  physical addresses  (i.e.,  virtual memory  management),  memory protection,  cache  control,  bus  arbitration, and, in simpler computer architectures, bank switching. The functions performed by the memory management unit can typically be divided into three areas: hardware memory management operating system  memory management application memory management The Toshiba R3900 Processor Core Operating Modes The R3900 Processor Core has two operating modes user mode kernel mode It operates in the user mode normally, when exception is detected it changes to kernel mode. In kernel mode, it continues until an RFE (Restore from Exception) instruction is executed. The existing virtual address space varies with the mode. User mode User mode exist only one of the two 2 Gbyte virtual address spaces (kuseg). The most considerable bit of each kuseg address is 0. The range virtual address kuseg is of 0x0000 0000 to 0x7FFF FFFF. Attempting to access an address when the MSB is 1 while in user mode returns an Address Error exception. Kernel mode Kernel mode makes available a second 2 Gbyte virtual address space (kseg), in addition to the kuseg accessible in user mode. The range virtual address kuseg is of 0x8000 0000 to 0xFFFF FFFF. Direct Segment Mapping The Toshiba R3900 Processor Core has a direct segment mapping MMU. User mode One 2 Gbyte virtual address space (kuseg) is available in user mode. In this mode, the most important bit of each kuseg address is 0. The virtual address range of kuseg is 0x0000 0000 to 0x7FFF FFFF. Attempting to access an address outside of this range, that is, with the MSB is 1, while in user mode will raise an Address Error exception. Virtual addresses 0x0000 0000 to 0x7FFF. FFFF are translated to physical addresses 0x4000 0000 to 0xBFFF FFFF, individually. The upper 16-Mbyte area of kuseg (0x7F00 0000 to 0x7FFF FFFF) is reserved for on-chip resources and is not cacheable. Kernel mode The kernel mode address space is ta as four virtual address segments. One of these, kuseg, is the same as the one in user mode; the other remaining three are kernel segments kseg0, kseg1 and kseg2. Pipeline Architecture Computer  pipeline  is a set of data processing parts connected in series, so that the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time-sliced fashion; in that case, some amount of  buffer storage  is often inserted between elements. Each cycle different instruction is executed in different stages For example, 5-stage pipeline (Fetch-Decode-Read-Execute-Write), The Toshiba R3900 Processor Core executes instructions in five pipeline stages (F: instruction fetch; D: decode; E: execute; M: memory access; W: register write-back). The five stages have the following roles. F : An instruction is fetched from the instruction cache. D : The instruction is decoded. Contents of the general-purpose registers are read.. E : Arithmetic, logical and shift operations are performed. The execution of multiple/divide instructions is begun. M: The data cache is accessed in the case of load and store instructions. W: The result is written to a general register. Each of the above pipeline stage is executed in one clock cycle. When the pipeline is fully used, the five instructions are executed at the same time, which will be resulting in an average instruction execution rate of one instruction per cycle. Delay Slot The R3900 Processor Core instructions are executed with a delay of one instruction cycle. Delay slot is the cycle in which an instruction is delayed. A delay occurs with load instructions and branch/jump instructions. Delayed load Delayed branching Non blocking Load Function In the R3900 processor the non blocking load function stops the pipeline from stalling when a cache miss happens and a refill cycle is needed to refill the data cache. Instructions after the load instruction that do not use registers involved by the load will continue to be executed. Multiply and Multiply/Add Instructions(MULT, MULTU, MADD, MADDU) The R3900 Processor Core is able to execute multiply and multiply/add instructions continuously, and able to use the results in the HI/LO registers in immediately following instructions, without pipeline stall. The processor requires only one clock cycle to use the outcome of a general-purpose register. Divide Instruction (DIV, DIVU) The Processor Core performs division instructions in the division unit independently of the pipeline. Division starts from the pipeline E stage and takes 35 cycles. Streaming The R3900 Processor Core can resume execution immediately after arrival of necessary data or instruction in cache even though cache refill operation is not completed during a cache refill operation. This is referred to as streaming.

Shakespeares Presentation of Macbeth

Shakespeares Presentation of Macbeth Toward the start of the play Shakespeare presents Macbeth to be overcome and  courageous. After Macbeth wins the battle, Malcolm alludes to him as an intense and  solid trooper and King Duncanadmits/perceives/reacts to him as a commendable  honorable man. This tells the gathering of people that Macbeth has won the battle,  as well as is regarded by people with great influence, thusly they ought to regard  him. Shakespeare does hintMacbeths underhanded side when the Captain clarifies that  he unseamed him [Macdonwald] from the nave to thechops, And settled his head upon  our (manor dividers with holes to put firearms through). Macbeth killedMacdonwald by  slitting him open from his navel to his jawbone and stuck his head their (tremendous,  favor, stone house) dividers. Macbeths vicious actionsare covered up by his  courageous conduct and acclaim by others, so the gathering of people is uninformed of  insidiousness conceivable. Macbeth is praisedby others which a ppears/speaks to him as  gallant, yet little snappy looks of viciousness is appeared at thebeginning of the  play. Likewise, Shakespeare then goes to present Macbeth as the honest fundamental  character. Whenever Macbeth meets the three witches and his expectation is  appeared/advised to him, as indicated by Banquo he isstart[eld] and fear[ful]  towards the witches and what they are stating. Macbeths disarray  appears/representshim to be practically vulnerable. This is the most blameless the  crowd sees Macbeth in the play. In spite of the fact that hes future is declared to  him, he doesnt know the impact it will hold. The gathering of people react diversely  toMacbeths expectations. Since they are not situated in the play, they are eager to  perceive how Macbeths future works out instead of befuddled. Macbeths excitement  appears/speaks to him to be ignorant of theevil that is about to go submerged him.   More than that, Shakespeare presents Macbeth to be (in an embarrassingly frightened  way). In any case, Macbeth was not a powerless, he was quite astute. Macbeths  discourse in Act 1 Scene 7, clarifies how a dangerous demonstration will bring about  discipline and instruct others to do/perform wrongdoings. Additionally, his solid  ethics are show when heexpresses how he wouldnt like to break the rulers trust. He expresses that yearning to do extraordinary things whichoverleaps itself and falls  on the other, which means yearning to do extraordinary things makes individuals act  in clear and sensible ways andcauses debacle. This demonstrates the gathering of  people that Macbeth once knew the aftereffects of murder, the risk of longing to do. incredible thingsand had kept down solid ethics. Woman Macbeths moving  around/deluding and deceiving displayedMacbeth to be a man (whos anxious about even  slight risk) and inquiries his masculinity. She likewise humiliated (be fore many  individuals) him by looking at his individual (whos anxious about even slight  danger)ness to the way that she dashed the brains out of her infant. Macbeth may  have been shrewd, yet the way that his wifecontrolled/moved around/deluded him causes  the gathering of people to see him as a man (whos anxious about even slight risk). Besides, presents Macbeth to be blameworthy. After he executes King Duncan,  Macbethlooks at his hand and alludes them to being a heartbroken sight. This  demonstrates Macbeth is embarrassed with whathe has done. Coerce additionally puts  submerged/encompasses by something Macbeth, when he begins seeing or hearing things  that arent there after he finds the news that his specialists execute Banquo. While  making a scene during supper Ross sees him as not well andLennox wishes that  better wellbeing go to his grandness. The gathering of people have an emotional (a  shocking and intriguing occasion that is the correct inverse of what is normal) of  the circumstance which implies they know more than the visitors do. Disgrace is a  disorder, so what theguests seehas Macbeths disease, the group of onlookers sees as  additionally observe as wiped out. However their response is distinctive: the crowd  doesnt identify like Macbeths visitors do, they rather trust that he is commendable  ofthis discipline. At long last, Shakespeare presents Macbeth to be desensitized to  sentiments. In the wake of hearing the cry of awoman, Macbeth (comprehends/makes genuine/accomplishes) that he has overlooked the essence of fears. Macbeth  hasbecome so not able to be harmed by malice that he  cant fear. Additionally, when Seyton reveals to Macbeth that the queenis dead  he has a carelessreaction. He demonstrates no misery, rather expressing that she  ought to have passed on after at this point. Not onlyhas Macbeth lost his capacity  to fear, but rather his capacity to feel. He goes ahead to have an imprudent view on  lifestating that it appears/shows nothing. He trusts that individuals stress a lot  over life,whichmeans that he has no stress by any stretch of the imagination. Macbeths response to Seytons message, changes the gathering of peoples perspective  of Macbeth. He   changes from the guiltless primary character to the corrupt  principle character along these lines the audience has outrage (over being abused)  towards him. Macbeth is so involved with blame, that he has lost the ability to feel. In end/final product, Shakespeare exhibits a decrease in Macbeths character all  through the play, through the eyes of different characters. He is firstly observed as  overcome, then he is characterized as the honest principle character. As he changes,  he transforms into individual (whos anxious about even slight peril), then a  dishonorable man andfinally a man desensitized to feeling.

My Friends Tell Me I am Not an Atheist :: Personal Narrative essay about myself

My Friends Tell Me I am Not an Atheist    It's remarkable how many of my friends insist I am not an atheist. It seems pretty obvious to me that I don't believe any god exists, and that pretty much makes me an atheist. Nevertheless, here these people are, so insistent that I cannot possibly be an atheist. "You're too nice," they say, or "you really believe, you just don't know it" (how's that again?). Sometimes I hear something like "You believe in something, and that is really god" or "you are still looking, but you'll find Him" (he's invited to stop by my house at any time). When I have the time to converse with these people, however, it usually comes down to this: I'm really an agnostic, they say, because I am willing to admit that I don't know there isn't any god. It is apparently so important for people to believe that I'm "really just an agnostic" that I find this to be a haunting sign of the hold religion has on people. It is tragic that the mere thought of a good friend or relative being an actual, avowed atheist is s o horrible that it must be denied. Sometimes I have the chance to explain that I am an atheist not because I know there isn't a god, but because I don't believe there is. If someone insisted that their pet fish could talk, I really couldn't say I knew it didn't, especially if I could not go and see for myself, but it would still be fair for me to say that there are no talking fish. The relevance of this is that I do not believe god exists any more than I believe fish can talk. Certainly, I have not examined all species of fish, nor every single fish for that matter, nor could I ever accomplish such a feat, but the claim that they exist is so contrary to my own personal experience and reliable facts that I simply will not believe it unless very definitive proof is provided. Of course, if I visit someone's pet fish and it talks to me, I am still wiser to test the possibilities of trickery or insanity before believing it can really talk. But if I found many fish that talked, trustworthy people confirmed it, scientists pu blished carefully researched papers about them, and newspaper headlines read "INCREDIBLE DISCOVERY: TALKING FISH!" then it would be more than reasonable to believe they existed. My Friends Tell Me I am Not an Atheist :: Personal Narrative essay about myself My Friends Tell Me I am Not an Atheist    It's remarkable how many of my friends insist I am not an atheist. It seems pretty obvious to me that I don't believe any god exists, and that pretty much makes me an atheist. Nevertheless, here these people are, so insistent that I cannot possibly be an atheist. "You're too nice," they say, or "you really believe, you just don't know it" (how's that again?). Sometimes I hear something like "You believe in something, and that is really god" or "you are still looking, but you'll find Him" (he's invited to stop by my house at any time). When I have the time to converse with these people, however, it usually comes down to this: I'm really an agnostic, they say, because I am willing to admit that I don't know there isn't any god. It is apparently so important for people to believe that I'm "really just an agnostic" that I find this to be a haunting sign of the hold religion has on people. It is tragic that the mere thought of a good friend or relative being an actual, avowed atheist is s o horrible that it must be denied. Sometimes I have the chance to explain that I am an atheist not because I know there isn't a god, but because I don't believe there is. If someone insisted that their pet fish could talk, I really couldn't say I knew it didn't, especially if I could not go and see for myself, but it would still be fair for me to say that there are no talking fish. The relevance of this is that I do not believe god exists any more than I believe fish can talk. Certainly, I have not examined all species of fish, nor every single fish for that matter, nor could I ever accomplish such a feat, but the claim that they exist is so contrary to my own personal experience and reliable facts that I simply will not believe it unless very definitive proof is provided. Of course, if I visit someone's pet fish and it talks to me, I am still wiser to test the possibilities of trickery or insanity before believing it can really talk. But if I found many fish that talked, trustworthy people confirmed it, scientists pu blished carefully researched papers about them, and newspaper headlines read "INCREDIBLE DISCOVERY: TALKING FISH!" then it would be more than reasonable to believe they existed.

Dave Speaks to the World :: Dave Barry Essays

Dave Speaks to the World When I was back home and lived with my mom, we were reading the paper together one day, she was reading the Tropic and I, the comics. When she was through with the Dave Barry column, she gasped and said out loud, "I know that shark!" Now, of course this startled me and I wondered what on earth she meant. Mom explained that the article was about a hammerhead shark, famous to Miamians and Florida Keys residents, playfully named "Big Moe". She continued to tell me that when she was about nine she went lobstering under Bahiahonda Bridge in the Keys with her dad. While lifting an old sunken car hood to retrieve the bugs, she saw a shadow pass over her. She stopped abruptly and dropped the hood to swim back to the boat. On her way back, if I remember the story correctly, the huge hammerhead passed directly over her head. This time it wasn't just the shadow she saw. Sitting in our living room at home my mom was insisting that the shark Dave Barry wrote about just HAD to be the same one . I thought this was pretty cool. Ever since then I've known who Dave Barry is. He speaks in mysterious ways. Dave Barry is a humor columnist; his fans express what can only be explained as hero worship. After doing some light research I learned that not only is he a writer for the Miami Herald, but also for many newspapers throughout the United States. It was also brought to my attention that he has won a Pulitzer Prize for his articles and he is, or was, the lead guitarist in a rock band called the Rock Bottom Remainders. It's been said that they weren't the greatest musicians and they are no longer playing. To quote my Internet source, Dave is "an all-around nice guy who tries to protect his readers from the dangers of the world around them . . ." The text goes on to say that these dangers are exploding cows and trout falling from the sky. I suppose we would have to be devout Dave fans to really understand that. Something else I recently learned about Dave Barry is that there is a show based on his personality.

Project Controls Essay

I have developed a proposal that would create a secure system within our organization. Below is the outline that should help prevent disaster recovery or in the case, backup our disaster recovery procedures. Duration Critical Task Sequencing The project will detail an array of critical task sequences including: * Pre-project Envisioning – Evaluation of HR database and corporate objectives, formulation of cost/benefit analysis, establishment of project scope and major milestones, securing of executive sponsorship and buy-in * Planning Structure – Project assembly, computing and testing environments, preliminary design, system array, and maintenance orientation * System deployment – Deployment of hardware and software systems, pilot test evaluations * Post-Implementation Review – Backup/restore maintenance, performance monitoring, system re-forecasting, establishment of ongoing infrastructure team Variance Baseline Achieving the desired outcome for the HR Resource Deployment will require a stringent and concentrated focus on maintaining adherence to the project timeline. Throughout this timeline, variance data will be closely observed and documented. Capturing variance data is an adamant goal for the project managers. Variance data will help to expose possible weaknesses of the planning process, and serve as priceless information for future endeavors. The means of collecting variance data will be comprised of the following: Delegation of variance targets. Prior to the project start, prime areas of variance will be decided upon for tracking. These areas will be closely monitored and documented. Targeted variances will form the baseline of the project, and will consist of measurements of quality, project milestones achieved, performance metrics,  and budget adherence. The success versus failure Planned versus actual. Variance data will be looked at according to what is planned as opposed to what the actual outcome will be. This will largely be focused on the proposed scheduling timeline and project cost expectancies. As the project advances, variance data will be tracked according to what deviates from the planned objectives. This data will be captured in real time in order to provide insight for future milestone proceedings. Estimates versus planned. This variance metric will focus on what was estimated for project details, such as schedule and cost, prior to the approved project plan. Such data will assist in greater accuracy of project planning, and will help to eliminate the guessing game. These variance metrics will be acquired through the collaboration between all stakeholders and resources. Maintaining high quality controls is a process that includes a lot of planning but when well maintains it builds the trust in the customers and eventually helps both organization businesses. As an organization maintains a high quality control one must know that there is also other aspects which is where being innovative and keeping a reasonable price adds to the equation. As many new customers are acquired a lot of the times this might be a direct result of on customer recommending another new customer. When this statement is true the new customer expects the same treatment and if not better. Therefore, one must stay innovative and open to new ideas and changes in order to fulfill the new customers’ needs. On-Going Evaluation and Status of Project There will be a definitive checklist for who will be responsible for the development and submission of projects reports. Evaluations will be performed on an as-we-go basis as to attempt to not miss anything important along the way. If there is anything that will be confidential or require a security clearance, these things will be handled by either the Project Manager or a member of management. Any projects that require the participation of stakeholders will be documented for future use and testing. All ongoing reports will also be given to all principal stakeholders along  the way. As each goal or milestone is met, it will be tested and retested for consistency to make sure what was done will stand the test of time (until the next project or upgrade). Method Used The Method that is used for determining whether the project has met its objectives is a survey. The survey can be done to figure if everything has been a success. Riordan employees will fill a survey out to give feedback on, if they are satisfied with the projects performance or not. Surveys can only provide estimates for the population, but cannot be a true measurements. You can measure surveys by the consistency of responses to questions about the project over a long amount of time period. REFERENCE Microsoft Office. Retrieved from http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/project-help/leading-practices-for-applying-variance-data-to-future-projects-HA010174487.aspx

Manfold Toy Essay

Question 1 – Do you see the selection of Directors at Manfold Toy’s as entirely suitable to an ethical standing? Why? Many relevant corporate governance issues arise regarding the composition of Manfold Toy’s board of directors. With respect to the main purpose of a board of directors, we need to reflect on whether the elected directors were the best possible representatives of stockholders interests. Additionally, we should analyze to what extent were the elected directors eager to accomplish their responsibilities/duties. To begin the analysis, we should study the process of director’s election to the Company’s board. Taking into account that 68% of Manfold Toy stake belonged to Joseph Wan, founder and chairman of the company, he held enough majority to decide on the board composition. The remaining stake was insufficient to refuse Joseph choices. Thus, Joseph choices could not be refused by the other shareholders, even if they believed there could be better representatives of their interests on the board. According to the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA), a global association of investment professionals, â€Å"Board members owe a duty to make decisions based on what ultimately is best for the long-term interests of shareholders. In order to do this effectively, board members need a combination of three things: independence, experience and resources†. Manfold Toy’s board was composed by three INEDs (Independent Non-Executive Directors). These directors should comply with the rules of independence towards the company, so that they are able to effectively perform their duty: ensure that the interest of the shareholders are preserved in executives’ acts. However, if they are dependent in any way to the Company, their decisions and acts will have external undesirable influences. Fred Wong Sau-lim, one of the Company’s Independent Non-Executive Directors since 2001, and Chairman of the Audit Committee, was the Director of On Yee Exports since 2000. On Yee Export s had exclusive rights to distribute Manfold Toy’s products in Australia & New Zealand, which accounted for 17,8% of Manfold Toy’s sales. According to the independence rules for INEDs (HKEx), Fred could not be a Manfold Toy’s director due to its business relationship with the company. The Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing (HKEx) state that independence is key to ensure a director behaves fairly and with integrity. Due to its close  relationship with Joseph, Fred was aware of major operational actions that two senior executives were told to take in order to improve the financial statements for the audit. As Chairman of the Audit committee, Fred did not accomplish his role of monitoring the internal governance of the company. Fred should have ensured that the information present on the company’s accounts was accurate and reliable (HKEx), making him fail its INED responsibility of advocating shareholders’ interest (Rosenstein and Wyatt, 1990; Byrd and Hickman, 1992). Fred also violated the fundamental principles of the â€Å"Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants†. He was not honest, has he did not disclosed the relevant financial information of the Company. With its position in On Yee Exports, he carried conflict of interest, which disallows him to be objective in its functions. Moreover, he disclosed confidential information  acquired as a result of his professional position in On Yee Exports to Manfold Toy’s Chairman, violating the principle of confidentiality. Fred was uncorrectly elected, not in the eyes of Joseph, to both of his positions on the board. He was not independent to the company, and thus should have never become part of the Audit Committee. There are other directors violating the independence rules and compromising the effective accomplishment of its duties. For instance, Maggie Mok Su-yee, the Chairman of Big Capital, was performing a millionaire consulting work on Manfold Toy for Mitchell & Meyer, the possible future buyer of the first. Furthermore, Sherona Leung Ka-yi, an Independent Non-Executive Director since 2003, Chairman of the Remuneration Committee and Member of the Audit Committee was the President of charity organization We Care. Joseph was the biggest contributor to its charity organization. This business relationship between Sherona and Joseph violates the independence guidelines as well. Sherona would have incentives to behave in a way that would please Joseph, so that he continues to â€Å"feed† her charity organization. To conclude Non-Executive Directors should be independent to pursue their functions and responsibilities correctly. However, they entailed familiar or business  relations with Manfold Toy and rules for independence were not respected. Due to the violation of ethical standings in the selection of INEDs , they are not complying with its main duty, the defense of shareholders’ interests. Thus, the selection of Directors at Manfold Toy’s is not suitable to the ethical standings.