Introduction to Sociology Essay

1. The Philippines is one of the third world countries in the world. This means that the country belongs to some of the poorest countries compared to the United States and the United Kingdom. People who live in third world countries are not necessarily all poor. Some of them are also rich and have their own businesses. These people can eat more than three times a day, send their children to private schools, and enjoy the luxuries that their money can buy. However, majority of the people in third world countries are poor. Some are homeless. Many have no source of income and therefore cannot provide for their families. It is not surprising that many people choose to go to first world countries like the United States to work for better opportunities. For Vicky, there is no doubt that the decision to find work in a foreign country was hard. She has her own family with a husband and two children to take care of. She left her family to earn money for the family. Although she did have a job in the Philippines, this was not enough to take care of the family’s financial needs. She did not want to be separated from her family but she needed to travel because she knew that if she stayed in the Philippines, her family will suffer. Vicky is not alone in this kind of situation. The Philippines is one of the most known countries who have the greatest number of overseas workers because of the situation in their country. They try to find work not only in the United States but also in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the Middle East. Financial need is the number one reason for them to work outside the country. 2. Because Vicky is not a native of the United States, it is most likely that she will experience some difficulties while working here. First, she might encounter discrimination due to her color and race. Although the United States is a very diverse country, discrimination still exists in its society at some point. Vicky might be looked down upon because of her color and her nationality. She might be discriminated because she is not able to communicate in English as fluently as the natives can. The United States government tries hard to make sure that discrimination does not exist in its society today. However, there are still a few who think that they are better just because of their color and race. Vicky might feel discouraged when she experiences discrimination from the natives of this country. She might also have an impression that Americans are not hospitable and welcoming and that working here is not worth it after all. Secondly, Vicky might encounter problems with her immigran t status. There are many employers who do not like to hire people who are not natives of the country because they do not trust them and believe of what they can do as workers. She might also have problems when her visa expires. The United States embassy is quite strict in allowing people in their country because they want to avoid terrorist attacks and other unwanted situations that foreigners can bring in the country. Another difficulty that Vicky might experience is the competition for the employment opportunities. Aside from the competition with the locals, Vicky might also have to compete with the opposite sex for the job that she wants. Some employers prefer to hire males because they believe that males are stronger and much more capable of the work needed to get done. This lessens Vicky’s chances of choosing a job that suits her the most and the job that she thinks would reward her the most in terms of salary and income. These are only some of the setbacks that Vicky might encount er while working in the United States. When one looks at the situation, it can be seen that Vicky and all other overseas workers are the ones who suffer the most. They enter a foreign country without any familiar face. They have to adapt to certain rules and norms of the country’s society. They have to learn how to get along with strangers just to keep their jobs. They have to endure problems like discrimination and competition. Aside from these things, they suffer from being away from their home and families. They get homesick but do not mind this just to be able to send money to their homeland. They take care of other people’s families and children but are not able to take care of their own children. All these they have to endure just for their families have a better life back in their homeland. 3. People from third world countries will not be able to think of leaving their families to go to another country if there are no available jobs in these foreign countries. Â  In economic terms, there would be no supply of workers if there is no demand for them. Vicky would not have thought of going here if there were no couples who need her services. Americans are very success-driven people, which is why they work hard day and night even if this means having less time for their families. Work is very important for them. At times, one job is not even enough and they search for second jobs to earn for the family. This requires them to look for people who can take care of their children while they are at work. While they certainly can avail the services of day care centers, many parents do not want to leave their children in these centers because of overcrowding and fear of their children contracting diseases from other children. It is also better to hire a private nanny who can focus on their children on a constant basis. Day care centers have limited staff and there are times when the staff cannot attend to the needs of each child because there are just too much of them. Vicky, as a private nanny, can stay at home with them and do other household chores when the child does not need taking care of. Having one private nanny can also mean that the nanny can focus on the child’s growth and development at all times. The nanny can act as a second parent to the child when the parents are not at home. Her educational background and previous work experience might also contribute to her employment. Parents would want to hire people who know how to handle their kids and the household when they are gone. They want someone who can be trusted. Vicky’s experience as a school teacher can help her get employed because this means that she knows how to handle children. In addition, the fact that she is a mother of two children herself means that she has enough experience in taking care of children and rec ognizing their needs and wants. If these dual-career Beverly Hills couples choose to hire Vicky, they would certainly be lucky and benefit from it because of her qualifications. It is not everyday that school teachers from other countries apply for a housekeeper or a nanny. This would also be beneficial for the parents because hiring Vicky would cost less than enrolling their children in a day care center. 4. Transnational migrants are those people who belong to two or more societies at the same time. Although Vicky does not really own any property while in the United States, she can be considered as a transnational migrant because she belongs to two different societies at the same time. She is still a Filipino citizen and will most likely take vacations in the Philippines if her employers allowed it. She still practices the different cultures and traditions of the Filipino culture while in and outside of her home country. This may not be obvious but she nevertheless still does it. At the same time, living and working in the United States requires her to adapt to the customs of the country to fit in. She would learn the language, the government, and the people of the United States. She is employed here and is receiving monetary income, which makes her a part of the society. Even if she does not really want to, she still has to do it because this will make it easier for her to live in a foreign country.

Communication and Positive Relationships Essay

Module 1 Activities Q1.1 Why is it important that you are able to communicate effectively with people in your job role? Good communication is very important when working with children, young people, their families and carers. By being able to communicate effectively I am making sure that I am understood and understanding too. People, especially children respond well to positive communication, and by being able to communicate effectively with children I will be able to identify their strengths and weaknesses and be able to support them if it be needed. Being able to communicate effectively with colleagues means I will be able to discuss lessons, pupils progress and any problems that may arise, and if I am able to communicate effectively with parents and carers then I will be able to discuss pupil progress etc in a professional manner that would not be offending. Another reason why being able to communicate effectively is important is that it helps build a good rapport and builds trust between the workforce, children, young people and their carers. Q1.2 Explain your different styles of communication when: a) noticing that a Foundation age child is becoming distressed during a group activity in the Numeracy session I will come down to the level of the child and ask if they understood the session or if they found it difficult. I would be understanding. I will give the child the opportunity to express their thoughts on the lesson in the hope that I will then be able to asses why the child was becoming distressed and be able to resolve the issue so that the child felt confident enough to carry on. â€Å"Children learn best when they are enabled to express themselves †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (http://www.nicurriculum.org.uk/docs/foundation_stage/UF_web.pdf) b) noticing that a Year 7 child is becoming distressed during a group activity in the Maths lesson I will ask the child to move away from the group so they didn’t feel humiliated in front of their peers. I will not  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœtalk down’ to them; rather I will be respectful and understanding. I will give the child an opportunity to express their thoughts on why they were becoming distressed; maybe they didn’t understand the activity or were uncomfortable with the group they were put with? I will try my best to resolve any issues that the child may have, so the child knows that he was heard and not feel that he was ignored. c) Supporting a child with Asperger’s Syndrome during a role play activity about going on holiday Most children with Asperger’s syndrome like routine and structure ‘People with Asperger’s syndrome often have trouble understanding the â€Å"big picture† and tend to see part of a situation rather than the whole.â⠂¬â„¢ (http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/tc/aspergers-syndrome-home-treatment) I will explain the activity to the child in a simple manner and give the child the opportunity to decide on what he wants to say without overpowering him. I will make sure the child understands what is going on in the activity and throughout the role play, and also make sure that he is not getting distressed. I will make sure he is comfortable when interacting with other children and that he understands what the activity is about. Children with Aspergers syndrome find it difficult to socialise, so I will talk to the child and make him feel comfortable about the role play. I will not demand, instead I will suggest so the child doesn’t feel like he is being pushed in to doing something he is not comfortable with as this will result in him becoming distressed. d) Supporting a child with hearing impairment during a role play activity about going on holiday I will firstly ensure that the activity is taking place in an area which is quiet so the child does not have difficulties in hearing. I will speak to the child, coming down to his level, and in a clear voice making sure he has understood the activity. I will use visual aids about the activity, pictures about going on holiday etc, making sure the child is comfortable with the role play. I will ensure all other children taking part in the role play speak in a loud clear voice, and that the child is sat in a place where he will be able to communicate with the others effectively. I will ensure the child is not getting distressed throughout the activity by staying close to the child and asking him at intervals ensuring that he is comfortable. Q1.3 You are concerned about the behaviour of one of the children with whom you are involved. You believe that this is due to learning development problems, and suspect this may be due to underlying medical issues. Explain how you would ensure that effective communication is maintained when discussing these issues with the child’s parent, the assigned teacher and other external professionals. When discussing these issues with the child’s parent I will make sure I am kind and considerate. I will ensure that the parents’ know that they are involved in all decisions affecting their child’s education and learning. I will be respectful, avoid being judgemental and also remember to be positive, as parents enjoy positive communication. I will include positive aspects of the child’s performance. I will listen to the parents input and there point of view. ‘†¦ Surveyed parents wanted to be treated with respect and as equals when communicating with educators. Parents are not looking for a cold, professional approach from school staff. Rather, teachers who develop a â€Å"personal touch† in their communication style achieve enhanced school relationships.’ Communicating with Parents: Strategies for Teachers, Susan Graham-Clay When discussing these issues with the teacher and other external professionals I will be non judgemental, be respectful towards the child and be sure to communicate in a way that all information is passed on accurately regarding the child’s behaviour and any other issues that there may be. Q1.4 How can a HLTA help pupils to understand why it is necessary to behave appropriately during lessons? ‘It’s far more effective to encourage good behaviour rather than deal with misbehaviour as it arises’ http://newteachers.tes.co.uk/content/top-10-strategies-encouraging-good-behaviour A HLTA can help pupils understand why it is necessary to behave appropriately by firstly being aware of the schools policy on behaviour, then making the  pupils aware of the policies regarding acceptable behaviour at the school. Pupils can be told how inappropriate behaviour can disrupt the learning process of others and the teaching process. A poster of class rules/expected behaviour can be put up in the classroom so pupils are aware of what kind of behaviour is expected from them in the school. The pupils should be made aware of what is expected of them and a consistent approach should be upheld regarding this. Q1.5 Speak to a classroom teacher and ask them about the most important things they expect from their pupils in terms of behaviour. Record them below and state whether you agree or disagree with their expectations. If there are expectations you did not agree with, think about why you did not agree. Record your thoughts here and discuss with the teacher. Participate in class discussions-Disagree Some students are not comfortable when having to speak up in class discussions. This should not be expected from all students and should not be thought of as misbehaving if students are not participating with class discussions. Hand work in on time given-Disagree It should be expected that some students may not be able to hand their work in on the time given, this can be due to learning difficulties, some students may need extra support and time in completing their work. Some students may be experiencing problems at home etc which has not made it possible for them to complete their work on time Q1.6 Say how you as a HLTA would deal with each of the following situations (Figures in brackets give the age of the pupil) Amy (13) calls Jasmine (11) a ‘chav’. I would first report the incident to the class teacher, and then I would move Amy to a different place so she does not feel humiliated and give her time to calm down and a chance to explain why she said what she did to Jasmine. I will keep an open mind and stay calm and supportive so as to not inflame the situation further. When the teacher is dealing with the situation I will make sure the rest of the class is not disrupted by keeping them on task I will see how jasmine has been affected by this and make sure she is ok. Susan (8) pulls the hair of the girl sitting next to her I will be sure to not shout as this will not solve the problem, firstly I  will move Susan away to a different place and then inform the teacher. I will give Susan time to calm down before I attempt to examine the problem, I will listen to her and show that I am interested in her feelings. I will explain how this kind of behaviour is not acceptable, I will criticise the behaviour and not Susan, and I will explain how her actions affect others around her During a whole-class activity, Jack (11) gets up and wanders round the classroom, looking at other pupils work and distracting them. I would ask Jack to return to his place and praise him when he does so. I will speak to Jack away from the rest of the pupils asking him why he was wandering around the class, maybe he wasn’t sure about the class activity, I will remind him of the class rules and explain how his behaviour was disrupting the rest of the class You hear Tom (13) threaten to ‘knife’ Paul (12) when they get out of school. I will speak to Tom calmly and ask him what was making him angry, I will show him that I am interested and want to help. I will give him time to calm down. I will tell the class teacher so she is aware of the situation and can tell the appropriate people at the school to ensure the safety of the pupils. You ask Mohammed (5) to stop talking while the teacher is talking and he swears at you I will keep calm and not shout or get angry. I will condemn the behaviour and not Mohammed so he does not feel humiliated. I will explain to the class why using this kind of language is inappropriate and how it hurts people’s feelings etc I will encourage good behaviour and praise Mohammed for doing good so he learns the difference between praise on good behaviour and being reprimanded for unacceptable behaviour. Carla (13) and Rani (13) have an argument over a pencil. Carla is racially abusive to Rani and grabs Rani’s wrist to force her to give her the pencil. I will tell Carla to move to a different place away from the class, and give her some time to reflect and think. I will inform the class teacher of what has happened and ensure that Rani is ok I will give Carla the chance to  speak, reminding her that being racially abusive was wrong and how she thought Rani may be feeling. I will not shout or become angry, I will remain calm and not criticise her behaviour You come across Chris (14) and Sam (15) smoking at the top of the playing fields I will ask both boys politely to stop smoking and get rid of the cigarettes and to also give me any other cigarettes that they may have. I will keep calm and not become angry. I will ask them if they knew the dangers and ill effects of smoking and how it was dangerous to their health etc I will criticise the act and not the pupils I will report the incident to the class teacher You overhear Charlotte (14) and Jenny (14) discussing a sexually explicit scenario involving one of the male teachers. I will tell both the girls to move places and then report to the class teacher what I had heard. I will not become judgemental or angry; I will remain calm and explain why these kinds of discussions were inappropriate in the classroom. As this is a sensitive matter involving another teacher, I will inform the appropriate member of staff to deal with it accordingly, and make sure I clearly tell them what I had heard between the girls

Overview of Economic Growth and Development in South Korea Term Paper

Overview of Economic Growth and Development in South Korea - Term Paper Example Todaro & Smith (2014) highlight the traditional tools for measuring development in economic terms such as accomplishing constant growth rate of income per capita to support a country to increase its output at a higher rate than its population growth rate. Gross National Income (GNI), inflation and Purchasing Power Parity are some of the aspects used to measure the economic health of a country’s population. Gross National Product (GDP) is widely used as an indicator of economic development and depicts increased production. It is used as a measure of economic development in South Korea, which reached a high of $1.6 trillion with a GDP growth rate of 2% and $32,272 per capita income in the 2014 fiscal year. While applying GDP as a measure of economic development, it is assumed that increased production creates the need for labor thereby creating employment opportunities hence raising individual incomes, which results in enhanced well-being. It does not necessarily mean that the c oncerns of poverty, inequity, joblessness and income distribution have been addressed. Instead of only focusing on the market value of economic activity, it is important to measure the levels at which social goals are accomplished, for example, whether the society is able to sustainably access basic human needs. GDP encompasses all goods and services irrespective of their contribution if any, to sincere developments in a country’s population, or whether such outlays were focused on moderating the loss resulting from a growing economy.

Globl operations mngement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globl operations mngement - Essay Example Kim (2001) for instance talks of the issue of globalization, which makes it extremely important for companies to practice global management approach. With a global management approach, companies are at an advantage of experiencing cross-boarding learning exposure (McCarthy, 2011). This is a situation whereby the experiences tapped in one area of the companies operations that have proven to be workable and useful are transferred to other parts of the companies operations. Again, there can be cushioning in terms of financial gains whereby areas that have better financial fortunes can be used to supplement management duties in other areas of the company’s operations where financial turn-up is low. These merits have however been affected by certain advancement in operations management as exists in other countries; thereby inhibiting certain companies from accruing the entire benefits as discussed. For instance there are different economic and trade clients from one country to another. For this reason, if a centralized global management system is practiced, chances are that such management approaches would not work perfectly from country to country. Finally, in the United States, most companies have had their global management approaches being affected the rate of economic development in other countries. For this reason, even when revenues and sources of expenditure are carried over to some of these countries, the branches of the companies there still find it very difficult to align their levels of output thought the entire operations management may be

Evolution of Management Theory Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evolution of Management Theory - Case Study Example Classical theory is essentially a grouping of similar ideas on the management of organizations that developed in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s.This theory contains three general branches.Quintessentially, the theory emphasizes on economic rationality of the individual employee at work. The Rational economic view was based on the ideas if the 18th-century economist, Adam Smith. According to this school of thought, people are motivated by economic gains, therefore they key to drive employees was a monetary reward. Another noteworthy development of the classical period was the introduction of scientific management.F W Taylor is known as the father of scientific management. His contribution to the practice of management is widely recognized. Taylor was the first one to introduce a scientific approach to the study and practice of management. The essence of scientific management can be encapsulated in the following four ideas: 1. Each job should be divided into parts and a scientific method for performing each part should be determined. 2. The method of recruiting and training employees should be scientific as well. 3. Co-operation between the workers and management was regarded paramount to achieve a desirable outcome of the tasks performed. 4. Lastly, an emphasis was laid on the idea of division of labor.Managers were to supervise, plan and instruct whereas the workers were expected to carry out the execution part. Further on, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth refined Taylor’s methods. 's methods. They were also pioneers in the field of management and their most important contribution is the time and motion series and emphasis on improving efficency.The components of time and motion series are-break down each action into elements, find better ways to perform it, reoraganize each action to be more efficient. The Gilbreths also studied fatigue problems, lighting, heating and other worker issues. Administrative principles: Another group of classical theorists dealt with the operations of an organization as a whole unlike the aforementioned pioneers who focused mainly on individual workers. The Administrative theorist sought the most optimum way to combine jobs and people into an efficient organization. One of the forerunners of

Cosco Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cosco - Case Study Example al., 2008, p. C-3). While this business model has been entirely successful thus far, the provision of limited choices can be problematic in the long-term. With globalization consumers are increasingly confronted with a variety of choices. Therefore shopping in an environment with limited choices may go against what modern consumers have come to expect and prefer. Costco’s business model has nevertheless been successful so far. For example in 2006, total sales in Costco’s 496 stores worldwide amounted to US$ 59 billion. Membership included 26 million private members and 5.2 million business members which amounted to US$1.2 billion in fees for Costco membership. Each of Costco’s stores realize sales each year at an average of US$128 million while its closest competitor Sam’s Club realizes only US$67 million annually (Thompson, et. al., 2008). However, since Costco and Sam’s Club are based on the same business model, the disparity in sales might be a m atter of concern. Costco can expect that at some stage Sam’s Club will attempt to take some of Costco’s market shares and the sales’ positions can be reversed. ... For example, operating costs increased progressively from US$1,037 million in 2000 to US$1,626 in 2006. However, net sales and membership fees together increased from US$32,164 million in 2000 to US$60,151 million in 2006 showing progressive increases from year to year. At the end of 2000, Costco had 313 stores operating worldwide and by the end of 2006, Costco had 458 stores. Membership has also followed a similar pattern, increasing each year from 2000-2006 (Thompson, et. al., 2008). Although membership is a big part of the business model it is a more significant marketing strategy and will be critiqued in the next section. The successful business model of offering quality goods at low prices is enabled by the warehouse membership set-up. By taking this approach, Costco is able to save the cost involved in in-store decorum and in-store customer service. In fact, Costco’s various warehouses typically display bare cement floors and shopping is designed like a â€Å"treasure h unt† experience (Thompson, et. al., 2008, p. C-6). Moreover, Costco offers limited products in volumes to lower the cost of inventory and floor management. For example, a typical supermarket or supercenter such as Wal-Mart or SuperTarget will offer between 40, 000 and 150,000 items while Costco offers only 4,000 items (Thompson, et. al., 2008). Thus far, Costco’s business model has been successful, however increasing competition indicates that Costco might have to consider revamping its business model. For instance, Costco’s largest business rival, Sam’s Club and BJ’s both use a similar business model. Both Sam’s Club and BJ’s have similar in-store lay-outs, offer about 4,000 items and feature the treasure hunt experience in which luxury goods are available at lower

Criminal Justice and the Crime Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Justice and the Crime Problem - Essay Example For instance, there may be higher numbers of tourist during the summer season and chances are that crime will escalate at that time. Additionally, rural records may experience higher cases of crime given the fact that planting seasons attract high numbers of workers. It is also very likely to find higher reports of crime during the summer season rather than any other season. One explanation for this is the fact that townships normally have higher alcoholic drinkers in the summer than in the winter. These and many other factors explain the variance in crime patterns recorded over time. (Field, 1990) Economic factors are quite crucial in the process of analyzing crime patterns. This is because persons who feel the pinch of an economic downturn are the marginalized individuals. They are the ones who react sharply to these changes by committing crimes. For example, research has shown that when the economy recedes, consumption patterns are also adversely affected. When the economy is doing well, people's consumption tendencies increase. (Hirsh & Goldthorpe, 1978) Consequently, potential criminals also increase consumption patterns because they have the ability to meet their needs. On the other hand, when consumption tendencies reduce, then higher there will be higher cases of crime; this is especially in relation to property crimes. The reason for this is that the economically marginalized need to meet their expenses but economic pressures may deter them from doing this. Consequently, they end up choosing illegal methods of acquiring property. (Field, 1999) Additionally, one must not ignore the link between crime and the availability of goods. Some research in this area shows that there is a link between crime and stock available. The two factors re directly affected in that when stores record high amounts of stock, then crime prevalence also increase. Home Office (1999) came up with a direct relationship between these two issues. They asserted the ratio of burglaries/theft to increases in stock is 2:1. This means that whenever stock levels increase by on percent, crime prevalence increases by double this amount. Burglaries and theft can also be associated with gender. Surveys conducted by the Home Office (1999) indicate that crime prevalence tends to increase when the number of males increases. This is especially so when these youth belong to the masculine gender. Their statistics show that when males older than fifteen and younger than twenty increase by one percent, then crime prevalence in the region increases by a similar percentage. However, some criminologists have argued that the converse is also true. When there is a rose in the number of older people within any one region, then chances are that there will be greater levels of crime again. This is because an older generation is quite venerable to attack and they provide fertile grounds for crime victimization. Social factors that effect crime It is important to note that the most important features here include; Technology Lifestyles Popular culture Society's drug patterns are constantly changing. In the past psychologists used the drug popularly called ecstasy during marriage counselling. However, society has changed all these. Young people now take the drug as a form of recreation. One can make the same assumption about the drug Viagra. This means that many young people no

Managing Contention for Shared Resources on Multicore Processors Case Study

Managing Contention for Shared Resources on Multicore Processors - Case Study Example The advantages of parallel computing include saving on the time required for computing and providing concurrency where the multiple processors can solve several computational problems simultaneously. The modern computer systems with multicore processors apply the concept of parallel computing in their operation. In parallel computing, the computer systems share several hardware resources such as LLC and memory controllers to enhance their operation. Several processors cores are assigned to a common memory resource. Processors operating under the same memory resource may compete for the shared memory resource thus, causing traffic and congestions. This is referred to as contention. Contention causes slowing down of the computer system thus reducing the performance of the system (Yuejian, 2012). There are two types of contentions namely; communication contention and memory contention. Communication contention occurs when several processor cores contend for a common communication link. This causes traffic and performance degradation, and in turn slows performance. Memory contention on the other hand, occurs when several processors compete for resources from the same memory module. In a test to demonstrate how contention for the shared resources affects the operation of the computer system, three applications namely Soplex, Sphinx, and Namd were run simultaneously on an Intel quad core xeon system. Soplex, Sphinx, and Namd were paired to run in the same memory domain in different schedules. The result of the combinations of applications indicated a dramatic difference between the different pairs of applications. The applications run as a whole performed 20 percent better with the best schedule, while by running Soplex and Sphinx applications simultaneously the performance was great as 50 percent. The Soplex and Sphinx pair of combination sharing the same memory module was considered as the best schedule. The

Management Theory in Oxfam Charity and Global Poverty Organization Essay

Management Theory in Oxfam Charity and Global Poverty Organization - Essay Example The paper tells that management in any business firm or organizational activities refers to the process, and act of bringing people together as a team. This is to work towards the accomplishment of set objectives through the efficient utilization of the present resources. These management actions include activities and processes such as organizing, planning, staffing, leading, directing or controlling an organization or business among others towards the main purpose and objectives. It also involves the act of resourcing which refers to the utilization and control of an organizational resource which include the financial, human, natural, and technological resources. In view of organizations as systems, it can also be defined in terms of human action and design in facilitation of achievement of desired results. This is a fundamental view as it provides the opportunity to manage oneself which is a prerequisite to the management of others. Good for management positioned individuals in an organization. Management theory can be defined as the study on how to improve the total productivity of all personnel in the business firm or organization. It involves learning on how to manage personnel with the intent to improve and maximize the productivity of the firm. The aim of business management is to maximize productivity, and while management theory aims towards getting a team of individuals to achieve a certain objective it. However, this does not necessarily achieve in improving individual productivity towards the aimed at objective. Management is both an art and a science hence various improvement techniques employed. 1.3 Competing value framework The competing value framework in management helps and allows the leadership teams in organizations to understand the background and adopt thinking that infers to the foundation of various management philosophies. It integrates the four different values showing the competitive ideologies between each also the importance of eac h individually. The values being of no equal importance in various cases the model goes further to suggest the integration of the different models. This is by maintaining a balance between them to achieve maximum efficiency in productivity. Never the less most managements study the awareness of each and consider which of the models closely matches with their leadership structures, styles and philosophies, all incorporating the achievement needs of the

RP2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RP2 - Essay Example ed all of his living expenses for his time in Delaware, California and Michigan totaling 30 months, claiming all the expenses for food, rent and transportation were temporary living expenses while he was away from homes. Issues or tax questions: Abdul would like to claim a deduction for his temporary living expenses while he was away from home but IRS examined Abduls returns and challenged the deduction for temporary living expenses. Rationale: Temporary living expenses including travel expenses incurred during temporary work assignment or extended business trip that was intended to last for one year or less (J.k 88). Temporary living expense includes meals, local transportation and hotel accommodation or apartment rent for longer stays. Meals may be estimated using federal per diem rates. On tax return temporary living expenses are deducted as unreimbursed employee business expenses. Authority: IRS periodical 54, page 12, travel expenses are in Form 2106-EZ or Form 2106, allowable unreimbursed expenses are in the 2106-EZ Form or Form 2106 to Form 1040, Schedule A and are subject to a maximum based on 2% of calculated Gross

Dr Nick Mercer Essay Example for Free

Dr Nick Mercer Essay 1. Explain the logical positivism principle and how it leads Ayer to reject claims about values, God, and the afterlife. The cornerstone of LP beliefs was the principle of verification. This claims that a statement only has meaning if it is either analytic or empirically verifiable. An analytic statement is true (or false) just in virtue of the meaning of the words; â€Å"a bachelor is an unmarried man† is an analytically true, while â€Å"a square has three sides† is analytically false. A statement is empirically verifiable if empirical evidence would go towards establishing that the statement is true or false. For example, if I say â€Å"The moon is made of green cheese†, we can check this by scientific investigation. If I say â€Å"The universe has 600 trillion planets†, we can’t check this by scientific investigation in practice, but we can do so in principle. We know how to show whether it is true or false, so it is â€Å"verifiable† even if we can’t verify it. The principle of verification entails that claims about values, about what is right or wrong are meaningless. They are neither true nor false because they do not actually state anything. If I say â€Å"murder is wrong†, this is not analytic,  nor can any empirical investigation show this. We can show that murder causes grief and pain, or that it is often done out of anger. But we cannot demonstrate, in the same way, that is wrong. 2. What objection to logical positivism is based on ethics? â€Å"Statements of value† are empirical propositions – they are statements about our psychology or sociology. For instance, let’s try a though experiment. This one is from Jonathan Haidt. Julie and Mark are brother and sister and they go up to a cabin they know and spend the night there. While spending the night there they have sex with  each other, Julie in on the pill and Mark uses a condom so there is no chance that Julie will have a baby. The next morning they felt pretty good, they don’t feel shameful at all. Is what they did wrong? Incest thought experiment: people have in-built ‘yuck’ instinctive reaction towards incest (evolutionary psychology: evolved to have certain responses that lead to rapid judgments without being subject to reason). This statement of value describes a fact about our evolutionary psychology. 3. What four parts does a typical â€Å"system of ethics† have? State which parts are  philosophical and which are not, and explain why. 1. Definitions of ethical terms (i. e. the â€Å"good†, the â€Å"right†) 2. Descriptions of moral experience (feelings of approbation and disapprobation towards certain acts and certain people) 3. Exhortations to moral virtue (prescriptive commands that commend you to act in a certain way or have a certain character) 4. Ethical judgments (the process by which we come to decisions on whether an act or person is moral) Only the first one is philosophical. This is because in defining ethical terms one is an attempt to establish foundations for the claim that there is moral  knowledge. Defining the â€Å"good† in terms of the â€Å"right† or in terms of â€Å"value† is a properly philosophical inquiry because Descriptions of moral experience can be assigned to psychology and sociology. Exhortations to moral virtues are not propositions, they are commands designed to provoke the person into action. Ethical judgments have yet to be classified. 4. Why does Ayer reject the idea that â€Å"good† is definable in empirical terms? If we try and define the â€Å"good† in empirical terms, i. e. , the â€Å"good† is what is pleasurable (what is pleasurable can be empirically verified), or the â€Å"good† is  what is desired (what we feel towards people and acts can be empirically verified), in both cases we can show that some pleasant things are not good and that bad things are desired. By doing so we are demonstrating that it is not self-contradictory to say that pleasant things are not good. Empirical statements can be show to be true or false – X is Y, or X is not Y, but they can’t be both true and false – this is a contradiction. Pleasure can be both good and bad; desire can be both good and bad; without contradiction, so it is not definable in empirical terms. 5. Why does Ayer reject the idea that moral judgments can be known by intuition as self-evident truths? Intuitionism is moral theory that claims that basic judgments about what is good are intuitions. A self-evident judgment has no other evidence or proof but its own plausibility. Intuitionism is a form of moral foundationalism; our intuitions about what is good are self-evident judgments that require no other beliefs to support them. G. E. Moore argued that the â€Å"good† cannot be defined in any other terms as this would be committing the naturalistic fallacy: equating â€Å"good† with any natural  property like â€Å"happiness† Ayer rejects intuitionism on the basis that people disagree about what is intuitively self-evident. 6. How does Ayer analyse moral judgments? What does â€Å"Stealing is wrong mean†? Are such judgments true or false? â€Å"Stealing money is wrong† has no factual content. It is like exclaiming â€Å"stealing money! † It is an emotional expression, like saying â€Å"boo† to a team you don’t like. Expressions of moral sentiments can’t be true or false, just as feeling in love is not something that can be said to be true or false – your feelings can be misguided but they are not false. 7. Besides expressing feelings, what do moral judgments do? Arouse feeling on others. They can be prescriptive: â€Å"It is your duty to tell the truth† is both an emotive expression and an expression of the command â€Å"Tell the truth†. 8. What is the proper citation for determining the validity of a moral judgment? Moral judgments have no objective validity. They are not propositional and cannot be said to be valid or invalid, true or false. The correct citation for a moral judgment is to think of them as emotional exclamations: â€Å"Boo-hurrah! † 9. On Ayer’s view, does â€Å"Stealing is wrong† mean â€Å"I disapprove of stealing† or â€Å"I  dislike stealing†? To say â€Å"I disapprove of stealing† or â€Å"I dislike stealing† are subjectivist positions. To say â€Å"stealing is wrong† is to assert how you feel about stealing, and these statements are propositions about the speaker’s feelings (it is true or false whether the speaker has these feelings or not). For Ayer, the statement â€Å"Stealing is wrong† has no propositional content. It gives no indication of the truth of the speaker’s feelings but rather it is just an emotive expression. 10. To what extent are ethical disagreements resolvable by rational means? We attempt to show that someone is mistaken about facts. Emotivists suggest that we can argue over facts. For instance, I had an argument with my father when he came to Singapore as he refused to eat in a restaurant that was selling Shark Fin soup. His reasoning was that the practice of cutting fins of sharks and throwing them back into the water is cruel and causes great suffering to the shark. I then asked him if he shops at Woolworths which stock eggs laid by battery hens: hens kept in tiny cages their whole lives which is cruel and causes great suffering. The disagreement could be potentially resolved if my dad excepted that it was  logically inconsistent to say that he wouldn’t eat at a restaurant that sold shark fin soup but he would shop at a supermarket that sold eggs laid by battery hens. But once we agree on all the facts in a moral disagreement there still might be a dispute over attitudes. For example, I might hold the attitude that human beings are much more sophisticated animals than sharks or hens and so the suffering of these animals for our purposes is justified. You might hold the attitude that while human being are more sophisticated animals than sharks or hens this does not justify the suffering of these animals for our purposes.

Social Factors Affecting HRM

Social Factors Affecting HRM HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Social Factors Influencing Human Resource Management and Planning The human resource management is heavily affected by the internal and external influences on an organisation. To figure out as to what extent the external factors affect the human resources, one of the prominent external features out of these are social factors. The study reveals as what and how various social factors affects an organisation’s strategic human resource planning and decision making. The study on various articles include social factors such as: worker unions at workplace, minorities, social status, uniform or dressing, social mobility and quality of life affects human resource practices. Health and safety, job security, the privacy of employees, the roles of different sex, rights of gay or lesbian etc. affect the different aspects of HRM. Human resource planning and management helps in assuring employee rights, providing equal benefits for gay or lesbian employees, rewards and recognition policy for staff. Creating healthy working environment for all, abuse or ra cism free working culture, managing different sex at workplace. (Stone, 2010). The study also focuses on how the changing values and attitude of the staff poses new challenges for the human resource. These external influences must be efficiently identified by the HR managers and then adequate planning and management must be done in accordance with these factors to provide a safe, sound, secure and healthy environment for the employees. The motivation behind this examination is to focus the scope of working environment considers that impact worker view of their workplace as what is casually alluded to as a fun work environment. Social holding is subsidiary of positive social practices that are characterized by methodology instead of withdrawal or evasion sort practices. (Curtis Upchurch, 2008). The social aspects of work environment leads to employee turnover such as hotel size, rating etc. and it also leads to the productivity of employee turnover (Brien, Hussein, Thomas, 2013). The article suggests that retention is important for job satisfaction. Work fulfilment turned into a noteworthy develop that encourages strength predominantly by diminishing turnover. Also, fulfilled workers attempt endeavour to end up capable at what they do, build their loyalty to the association and serve clients in a more productive way. (Israeli Barkan, 2003). â€Å"Employee’s behaviour assessment, which is based on indust rial settings, should be reconfigured in order to suit the tourism and hospitality sector as well as imply the indicators of the customer–employee relation within the assessment†, as said by Saad (2013, p. 341). The study highlights the importance of HR and trade unions to enhance the productivity, protection and the employee welfare, preserving jobs (Daemone, 2014).It also tells how trade unions working with human resources helps in providing excellent working environment, practising labour laws and preserve rights of employee (Boardman Barbato, 2008). This study tells the factors that influence the labour turnover in an organisation and also attempts to review as how employee turnover, employment factors, and employee satisfaction are linked. It provides the framework that explains the relationship between job satisfaction and the employee satisfaction in terms of service quality and customer loyalty (AlBattat, Mat Son, Helalat, 2014).Management strategies that enhances different individuals with the internal control locus might increase on one’s job satisfaction since strengthening is harmonious with the workers interior locus convictions that they have control over their own behaviour. It also emphasis on the relationship between employee job locus and their job satisfaction (Salazar, Hubbard, Salazar, 2002). The research (AlHrout Mohamed, 2014) analysed the behaviour i.e. employee- employer relationship, of the employees in a hospitality industry in general and the front-line staff’s behaviour is linked to hotel’s business and can improve the quality of the services rendered by them. The social external factors (Ongori, Iravo, Munene, 2013) not only provide ultimate employee satisfaction but also provides various opportunities in career that has important effect on employee morale and motivation, also these factors that generally affect an employee motivation are family relations and job commitment, that are witnessed prominently in city and coastal hotels whereas reward factor is more effective in city hotels, it isn’t that effective in the coastal hotels (Kingir Mesci, 2010). According to Cheung, Baum and Wong (2010), the comprehension of strengthening by hotel administrators in China identifies with the degree to which the responsible directors or the managers have individual trust for the employees. This study also tells about the commitment of the staff to devolve responsibilities of HR across all the employees and offers significant ramifications for worldwide hotel organizations wanting to situate in a desired location and looking to apply the established strengthening and empowerment approaches inside the hotels of that location (Fleming, 2000).The study yields results that HRM practices arbitrate the uniting of business strategy and employee outcomes. Also the collective effects of business strategies and human resource practices on the workers in MNCs are not much different from the ones that are carried out in hotel organizations (The impact of strategic human resource management on employee outcomes in private and public limited comapanies in Ma laysia, 2013). The study in New Zealand shows at least 22% people work 50 hours a week and this is a great example to signify the workplace as an appropriate environment to promote the health and wellbeing of working class. The work environment acts crucially in the advertisement of health and supporting health conditions with joy of work. Also the workplace programmes, management support helps in establishing their employees feel that their employer is committed to their health and wellbeing (A guide to promoting health and wellness in the workplace, 2012).The understanding of the employee attitudes and their effect on the business results are furthermore complicated in yesteryears by the new era of service workers. The initial analysis of data from the researcher’s study of generation’s differences in employee attitudes yields that there are still major differences in all, but only one key work-related behaviour (Health and safety for hospitality small business, 2002). The same has been agreed by Solnet and Kralj (2011). The article records out issues which influence the adequacy and proficiency of a human resource planning and administration in an association. Among the ranges in this talk are, planning; progression learning; maturing workforce; devotion; expanding number of female employers; uncertain sets of expectations and determinations; debilitated specialists, proactive employers; slow learners; and aptitude inadequacies of the workforce (Gopalakrishnan, 2012).The need of understanding the human resources is to make it effective in workplace, to share the values amongst the staff. The HRM is used as a term that helps in enclosing various human resource practices such as recruiting, training, directing human resource policies and embracing the HR philosophies amongst the workforce (Jackson Schuler, 1995). Social security, that deals with the health and safety of the employees. The management decision effects the employees and it is the responsibility under HR practices of providing a safe a secure environment, as talked about the Iranian hotels in the article (Tabibi, Khah, Nariripour, Vahdat, Hessam, 2011).The rights of the employee are important and sensitive in a workplace. The article talks about the key points of record keeping of employees and the use of biometrics. As how the employee record and information are kept secret and how biometric has become a significant tool in roster planning and payroll (Babu, 2007).The article emphasis on the employee attitudes in attaining ultimate job satisfaction. It basically talks about the causes of employee behaviour, the outcomes of positive or the negative job satisfaction, and how to record and effect employee attitudes. Also it is talked about as how to close these gaps in employee demand and job satisfaction (Saari Judge, 2004).The article states that how HR practices may lead to firm growth rate. The practices that may lead to the firm growth rate are a job security, management’s selective hiring, a self-driven teams, remuneration policy, the rigorous training with the staff and the flow of information sharing (Vlachos, 2009). Various studies refers to an imbalanced distribution of the income between male and female employees in the hotels and hospitality industry, with the earnings of females are less than the males. In various developing countries, women are less empowered in comparison to males, due to the visible and invisible challenges. These factors often reflect in hiring, recruitment, promotions etc. (K, Musa, Ibrahim, 2010). As quickly talked about above with the backing of distinctive scholarly and expert diary articles the paper finishes up by depicting how all the outside social compelling components influence the hotel’s key human asset administration arranging. The paper covers the variables, for example, work fulfilment which is specifically proportionate to the view of individual workers with respect to their occupations which straightforwardly impacts the lodgings worker turnover. It is comprehended that to hold a representative and to keep them fulfilled by their occupation and workplace, the worker should be spurred through distinctive means. The articles studied connects certain elements, the preparation and advancement of individual staff individuals in their territories of interest. Their general wellbeing, security and employer stability with the inspiration of staff and their maintenance to the employment and the hotel organizations. The human resources li kewise differentiates strategies, for example, rewards or recognitions that may be in monetary terms related or others as said above helps boosting the morale and in the ultimate staff satisfaction. The administration and representative’s helps in supervising and the execution of work laws and to reach an agreement between the management and trade unions that provides an excellent workplace. This also helps in providing equal opportunities are given to all genders, prominently gay and lesbians. Works Cited A guide to promoting health and wellness in the workplace. (2012, December). 1-5. AlBattat, A. R., Mat Son, A. P., Helalat, A. S. (2014, Febuary). Higher dissatisfaction higer turnover in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(2), 45-50. Retrieved June 14, 2015, from http://hrmars.com/hrmars_papers/Higher_Dissatisfaction_Higher_Turnover_in_the_Hospitality_Industry.pdf AlHrout, S. A., Mohamed, B. (2014). Human resource management practice tourism and hotel industry. SHS Web of Conferences, 12, 2-11. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://journal-archieves31.webs.com/897-928.pdf Babu, T. (2007). Privacy rights of employer. Accomodation association of Australia, 23-26. Retrieved June 18, 2015 Boardman, J., Barbato, C. (2008). Review of socially responsible HR and labour relations practice in internationsl hotel chains. International Labour Organization, 9-14. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ed_dialogue/sector/documents/publication/wcms_162286.pdf Brien, A., Thomas, N., Hussein, A. (2013). The low level of organizational social capital in hotel A New Zealand case study. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 12, 400-413. Retrieved June 15, 2015, from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]5vid=2hid=4114 Cheung, C., Baum, T., Wong, A. (2010). Factors affecting employee empowerment practics in China hotels. Journal of Business Research, 7(3), 1-11. Retrieved June 20, 2015, from http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/26542/36/strathprints026542.pdf Curtis, C. R., Upchurch, R. S. (2008). A case study in establishing a positive culture: Attachment and invlovement in the workplace. Journal of Retail and Leisure Property, 7, 131-138. Retrieved June 15, 2015, from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]5vid=1hid=4114 Daemone, M. M. (2014). Human resources management (HRM) and trade unions compatibility: Soft-Hard model digestion for human capacity building and sustainable productivity at workplace. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 5(7), 121-130. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://jetems.scholarlinkresearch.com/articles/HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT.pdf Fleming, S. (2000). From personnel management to HRM: Key issues and challenges. Journal of CPMR, 11, 8-13. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from .http://www.ipa.ie/pdf/cpmr/CPMR_DP_16_Personnel_Management_to_HR_ KeyIssues_Challenges.pdf Gopalakrishnan, G. (2012). Issues that influences the effectiveness and efficiency of a human resource management in an organisation. Internal Journal of Economics Management Sciences , 1(6), 65-70. Retrieved June 20, 2015, from http://omicsonline.com/open-access/issues-that-influences-the-effectiveness-and-efficiency-of-a-human-resource-management-in-an-organisation-2162-6359-1-056.pdf?aid=17177 Health and safety for hospitality small business. (2002). Workers Compensation Board of British Colunbia, 6, 8-28. Retrieved June 11, 2015, from http://www.healthandsafetycentre.org/resources/hospitality/hosp_smbiz.pdf Israeli, A. A., Barkan, R. (2003). The impact of hotel social events on employee satisfaction: A case study. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 2(2), 24-39. Retrieved June 16, 2015, from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]5vid=2hid=4114 Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S. (1995). Understanding human resources management in the context of organizations and their environments. 46, 251-254. Retrieved June 13, 2015, from http://www3.ul.ie/ulearning/html files/global hrm/pdfs/Understanding HR Management in the Context of Organizations.pdf K, M. M., Musa, P., Ibrahim, B. (2010, Febuary). Gender bias in managing human resources in the Turkish hospitality industry: Is bias impacted by demographic context? ASBBS, 17(1), 479-483. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://asbbs.org/files/2010/ASBBS2010v1/PDF/B/Birkan.pdf Kingir, S., Mesci, M. (2010). Factors that affect hotel employees motivation the case of Bodrum. Serbian Journal of Management, 5(1), 59-67. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://www.sjm06.com/SJM ISSN1452-4864/5_1_2010_May_1-188/5_1_59-76.pdf Ongori, J. L., Iravo, M., Munene, C. E. (2013). Factors afecting performance of hotels and restaurants in Kenya: A case KISII Country. Interdiciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business , 4(12), 897-907. Retrieved June 18, 2015, from http://journal-archieves31.webs.com/897-928.pdf Saad, S. K. (2013). Contemporary challenges of human resources planning in tourism and hospitality organizations: A conceptual model. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism(12), 333-354. Retrieved June 16, 2015, from http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]vid=3hid=101 Saari, L. M., Judge, T. A. (2004). Employee attitudes and job satisafaction. Human Resource Management, Winter, 43(4), 395-407. Retrieved from http://www.utm.edu/staff/mikem/documents/jobsatisfaction.pdf Salazar, J., Hubbard, S., Salazar, L. (2002). Locus of control and its influence on hotel managers job satisfaction. Journal of Huma Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 1(2), 15-26. Retrieved June 17, 2015, from http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]vid=1hid=101 Solnet, D., Kralj, A. (2011). Generational differeneces in work attitudes: Evidence from the hospitality industry. Journal of FIU Review, 29(2), 37-42. Retrieved June 20, 2015, from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]4vid=1hid=4207 Stone, R. J. (2010). Managing Human Resources. Milton, Queensland, Australia: John Wiley and Sons. Tabibi, J. S., Khah, S. V., Nariripour, A. A., Vahdat, S., Hessam, S. (2011). Factors affecting human resource development in the Iranian social security organizations hospitals. World Applied Sciences Journal, 15(2), 164-173. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.390.1758rep=rep1type=pdf The impact of strategic human resource management on employee outcomes in private and public limited comapanies in Malaysia. (2013, September). ISS MLB, 175-193. Retrieved June 17, 2015, from http://ibac-conference.org/ISS MLB 2013/Papers/MLB 2013/3028..doc.pdf Vlachos, I. P. (2009). The effects of human resource practics on firm growth. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 4(2), 18-30. Retrieved June 11, 2015, from http://www.business-and-management.org/library/2009/4_217-34-Vlachos.pdf

Innovation in Military Systems

Innovation in Military Systems Introduction Technology transfer across social sectors, industries, and national boundaries is a common phenomenon in contemporary times. These transfers are mostly driven by economic paradigms – the need to embrace radical innovations so as not to be left behind in the race to be at the forefront of technological and/or commercial envelope. It is thus obvious that the technological generators – one who invested in Research and Development (RD) and came up with ‘crown jewel’ innovations, hold the sway in today’s markets. If one were to consider the investment in RD as a benchmark of ‘invention (and probably innovativeness) potential’ then the defence sector would lead in most countries. As an example, in 2007, the US defence budget was $440 billion. Out of this, the technology development component was $73 billion. As compared to this, the largest non-military research funding went to National Institute of health, which got $28 billion in the same ye ar.[2] The costs and risks in the research for military system is not really an important feature as often in private sector or any other state investment.[3] RD for defence products is mostly sponsored by the state. This is a far cry from the conditions governing civil (private sector) RD efforts where the costs must be subsumed by the producer in the end-cost of a product, paid for  by consumers in a cost competitive market. Therefore, it makes eminent commercial sense whenever defence products (inventions) can find their way into civil markets and become truly innovative. In the context of the aforesaid, it becomes pertinent to study success stories – examples where defence inventions reached civil applications. Examples range from Internet (the US military) to packaged ready to eat food (developed by our own DRDO – Defence RD Organisation). This point would be demonstrated by two major case studies from the foreign markets that came up with radical innovative products. The forgotten story of ‘Jeep’ is a name that is synonymous with four-wheel drive, light and powerful vehicles that have spawned the contemporary Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) and Multi Utility Vehicles (MUVs). The second example is that of Ray Ban glasses. Both of these have become top-notch commercial products with Jeep Cherokee and Ray-Ban aviator glasses being considered as status symbols anywhere in the world. Jeep With a brand punch line of â€Å"Go Anywhere, Do Anything†[4], Jeep has been associated with adventure and macho since the World War (WW) – II. The original vehicle was born out of sheer necessity of the US forces[5]. Since WW-I, the US army had been looking for a fast, lightweight and all-terrain vehicle that could be used in the war zones around the world. In the early 1940, with the Nazi forces on the ascendancy, the need for such a vehicle by the US army became acute. The army asked automobile manufacturers for a running prototype in just 49 days. The specifications were quite stringent and only two companies responded amongst 130 companies that were invited to bid. Bantan Car Company, worked with a Detroit engineer Karl Probst, who designed the vehicle in two days flat. His design was improved by the other company Willys-Overland (Quad and powerful) and accepted by the army. The contract was awarded to Willys and Ford as the sheer size and rate of delivery during t he war was beyond any one company to undertake. During WW-II, Willys and Ford supplied more than 700,000 orders with Willys supplying more than 330, 000 units. By 1942, long before the war came to an end, in an innovative move, Willys-Overland recognised that the vehicle could serve the civilian market by virtue of the fact that it had built a brand for itself in ruggedness and durability. An advertisement campaign was undertaken for building the civilian brand value. Even as the first civilian Jeep vehicle was built in 1945, Willys obtained a US Trademark Registration in 1950, five years later. Since then the trademark now registered internationally, has passed from Willys-Overland to Kaiser to American Motors Corporation, and most recently, to Chrysler Corporation. From 1968 to 1978, the production of Jeep rose three times to 600 vehicles a day. With the present day, Grand Cherokee being a much-cherished 4X4, still, the jeep story lives on. Over half of all Chrysler vehicles sold outside the US, are Cherokees. Ray-Ban The 1930s was an era of great strides in military aviation. Aircrafts became faster and flying envelopes expanded. Many US Air Force (USAF) pilots were reporting that the glare from sun was hindering their flying prowess. This led to invention of a new kind of glasses, with green colour that could cut the glare without obscuring vision. Thus was born Ray-Ban. This anti-glare eyewear saw many models being introduced but the traditional ‘aviator’ model with metal frames remained the favourite for a long time to come. Cashing in on the newness factor and need, the eyewear went on sale to public in 1937[6]. Within seven years, the strides were made from defence to civil usage, since the basic needs of protective eyewear were same for both. In the 1940s, innovations such as gradient mirror lens with coated upper part and uncoated lower part, for a clear view of aircraft instrument panels, were introduced. Such innovations though meant primarily for defence usage, appealed to civilians also due to the styling and ‘macho’ pilots’ looks. After the WW-II, the Ray-Ban came to be popularised by many Hollywood stars and rest as they say, is history. The Luxottica group is the owner of Ray-Ban and popular eyewear brands like Oakley, besides in license production of many other top eyewear brands. In 2011, it posted net sales of almost â‚ ¬ 6.2 billion.[7] Spill-over The technologies and the product that moved across defence research and usage to the civil markets have been coined as ‘spill over’ technologies. The opposite route has been recently coined spill-ins. The coinage of terms is quite logical. ‘Spill over’ is meant in the sense that the technology/product was originally meant for a smaller segment – the defence sector and it ‘spilled over’ to reach the outside world, a much wider segment of the populace. In India, there are instances of ‘spill over’, albeit the scale has been rather timid. A list of 140 technologies developed by the DRDO, which have duel applications are listed in the form of a publication[8], inviting the civil Industry to participate through technology diffusion. Some of these technologies have been transferred to civil sector like a novel pressure sintering/bonding technique for large clutch plates have been successfully transferred to Clutch Auto Limited.[9] By a simple comparison of the narrative given above, it would be clear to the readers, why hugely successful stories of innovations like Jeep or Ray-Ban are not scripted in India. The defence RD model followed in India is purely government centred. The government invests in defence related research in government labs of the DRDO. Such funding or initiative does not come the way of private sector for many reasons. The primary reason is the absence of a roadmap for harnessing the private industry’s efforts into the mainstream by ensuring that sensitivity associated with defence sector is not compromised. In the name of national security, the private industry has been kept out of the defence sector, till recently. Now it has been realised that without the presence of a competition to the government labs and Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs), their efficiency would never increase. Also it is not possible to quickly leapfrog the technological gap that exists between India and the developed (and even not so developed) world without finding a solution to the inefficiency that has somehow become a hallmark of governmental sectors. Infusion of capital and innovativeness by and into the private sector is a must for the RD efforts to realise their true potential. The methodology of sharing IPR of products developed through funding by the government and innovations by the private sector is a stumbling factor for the process to go forward. It is obvious that defence related IPRs, even those having duel use, needs to have some governmental control inbuilt. The mistrust and vested lobbying has thus far not allowed a solution to this process even though the US model is very much present to be emulated. The down side is that since the private sector is not invested in product development from the beginning, they do not have any stakes to carry forward the product so developed, to a wider market for maximising profits. What remains then is just an invitation by the Scientific Adviser to Raksha Mantri, to the private sector, to partake the RD efforts of the DRDO labs, as mentioned earlier. In such a scenario the defence RD efforts would not reach its true market potential. Consider that the Jeep brand received ‘2012 Silver OBIE Award’ fr om the Outdoor Advertising Association for America for the Jeep Wrangler Call of Duty ® billboard design[10]. Is it possible to see this kind of aggressive market pitch by a government entity? The markets would be penetrated predominantly by the desire to maximize profits and this desire would manifest with the private sectors and thus comes the efficiency and innovativeness. The Future Innovations require the factors of newness and commercialisation to be present in a product. While defence products are always required to retain the ‘cutting edge’ element, the motive of commercialisation is rarely a factor. However, this thought process is fast changing and defence equipment, along with providing the balance of power, are also turning out to be big business in the global arms market. The commercialisation angle though, can be really addressed if the product/technology reaches a much bigger clientele than just the security forces. Involvement of private industrial sector in development of such product/technology is thus a necessity, for them to be termed an innovation. Products like Jeep and Ray-Ban that could be termed as innovations today, were essentially made on demand of the defence forces but it brought to the fore, a latent need of the civil market. This would always be the common thread for all ‘spill over’ technologies. We all know drones can deliver death on the battlefield, but might they also soon be delivering gifts and purchases to our door? Amazon.com is counting on it. UAVs pioneered by the military are finding a home down in farmers fields. A UAV can treat an acre of steep hillsides in five minutes, which is very difficult or even impossible to do with a tractor Such technologies are now also known as ‘duel use’ technologies and controlled by the innovator nations under ‘The Wassenaar Arrangement’[11] due to their highly commercial/strategic ramifications. One such instance is the jet engine technology that is used for military as well as commercial aircrafts. India and China are striving to d evelop a jet engine and when they do, the commercial and strategic ramifications are obvious. Innovative defence technologies are very much the future to strive for. In the same vein, it is worth considering that civil technologies developed for high-end technical function may be considered for defence applications because any RD effort is time and capital intensive. Thus, a convergence of RD efforts, for defence and civil applications is the need of the hour. [1] Steven R. Rivkin Technology Unbound: Transferring Scientific and Engineering Resources From Defence to Civilian Purposes (New York USA: Pergamon Press Inc., 1968), p xii. [2] T.W. Lee, Military Technologies of the World – Vol II (Westport USA: Praeger Security International, 2009), p. 364. [3] Dr Hatice Karacay Cakmak, Department of Economics, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey, â€Å"A Theoretical Glance at Military Expenditures†, 2009 p.3, see hrcak.srce.hr/file/74277, accessed on Aug 06, 2014. [4] History of Jeep modelS, at http://www.jeep.com/en/history/ accessed on July 21, 2014 . [5] The evolution of jeep has been traced at http://www.hrja.org/jeep.htm, accessed on July 22, 2014. [6] The history and evolution of Ray-Ban at http://www.luxottica.com/sites/luxottica.com/files/ray-ban_history_en.pdf.  Accessed on July 23, 2014. [7] Ibid. [8] DRDO, Advanced Technologies for Civil Application (DESIDOC, New Delhi, 1987) [9] Ibid, p. 117. [10]http://media.chrysler.com/newsrelease.do;jsessionid=5F352AF1915E13814ADD6F1A32B6E67D?id=2210mid= accessed on 05 Aug 15 [11] Manoj Kumar, Resources Optimisation through Environmental Leadership (New Delhi, Knowledge World, 2012), p126

Hiv: The Search For A Vaccine Essay -- essays research papers fc

In 1985, over 10,000 cases of AIDS were reported worldwide (White and Fenner 1986). Just over a decade later, in 1998, the Global AIDS Policy Coalition estimated that 30.6 million people were infected with HIV worldwide. It has also been projected that by the year 2000, between 40 and 70 million adults will be infected with HIV (New Generation Vaccines 1997). Over 90% of all HIV-1 infected individuals live in developing nations: 50% in Southeast Asia and 40% in sub-Saharan Africa. However, even with all of these alarming statistics and projections, there is hope for the future of humanity. This hope is a potential anti-AIDS vaccine. An anti-AIDS vaccine is the best bet. Among other factors, the large costs associated with therapeutic drugs do not allow many AIDS patients receive them. This is especially true in the developing nations, constituting over 90% of all HIV infections worldwide (Bloom 1995). Before discussing the development of a potential vaccine, it is imperative to briefly discuss characteristics of HIV itself and also the immune system that these vaccines would target. HIV, a retrovirus from the Lentivirus subfamily, contains ssRNA nucleic acid. Some of its other characteristics include: an icosahedron capsid, various enzymes (including reverse transcriptase), and envelope with the glycoproteins gp 120, gp 41, and gp160. The genes of HIV-1 can be placed into 3 general categories: structural, regulatory, and accessory genes. The structural genes include gag, pol, and env. The regulatory genes include tat and rev. The accessory genes are nef, vpr, vpu, and vif (Vaccines 1999). There are two major branches to the immune system in primates: a humoral or adaptive branch and a cell-mediated or innate branch. The cell-mediated immune response operates through MHC I via CD8+ (cytotoxic T cells). Antibodies are not secreted through this branch of the immune system, and the cell-mediated immune response generally targets viruses and other intracellular antigens. The humoral immune response operates through MHC II via CD4+ (helper T cells). The humoral branch secretes antibodies, which generally target extracellular antigens like bacteria and fungi. There are many obstacles in the way of HIV vaccine development. First, since HIV often mutates its surface glycoprotein (gp120), it has many strains, and the immune response cannot target all of the poss... ...type of vaccination could be enhanced in conjunction with subunit vaccines. In conclusion, there has been a great deal of progress in the development of an anti-AIDS vaccine. The research and knowledge for HIV vaccine development has made great strides in the last decade. Since there are many limitations associated with classical vaccine strategies that incorporate attenuated viruses or inactivated viruses, most efforts in the development of an HIV vaccine are utilizing innovative approaches. Many of these innovative vaccines are very promising, such as the subunit vaccines and the recombinant vector vaccines. Hopefully, it is only a matter of time before a vaccine will be discovered from which all of humanity can benefit. Works Cited Bloom, Barry R. "A Perspective on HIV Vaccines." Science. 272: 5270. (1995) Kuby, Janis. Immunology. 3rd Ed. W.H. Freeman and Company, 1997. Plotkin, Stanley A. and Orenstein, Walter A. Vaccines. 3rd Ed. W.B. Saunders Company, 1999. White, David O. and Frank J. Fenner. Medical Virology. 3rd Ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1986. "The HIV Vaccine: Situation Analysis." Information for the AIDS Treatment Educator. v. 1, Oct. 1996.

The Militia Group :: Websites Internet Music Essays

The Militia Group In the year 2001 a band named Rufio, released their full length album on an unrecognizable record label. Since then The Militia Group has grown to become a popular label in the Southern California area and is starting to gain fame with the rest indie rockers of the United States. The Militia Group decided to create a web site to share the label with the world and hope to let others experience the joy the bands bring. They asked a company to create a website that is accessible to all so their record label could grow. This company helped The Militia Group create an amazing site that is simple enough for those non-computer users but still entertaining enough for people to come back to the site over and over again. The Militia Group successfully uses ethos, pathos, and logos to create a credible, entertaining, and informative website. Most websites will have partners or links on the webpage to supporting web pages or sites that will reinsure their audience they are credible. The Militia Group, like other label’s websites, has a section with just the bands that are signed by the label and a section to media such as audio and video, that you can hear the different bands. In the section with the bands, each band has its own bio, tour dates, releases, specific news, and a link to their website. By displaying all this information for every band people feel that everything must be true, because no one would go to that much of an effort to make this entire up. For those people who still may still feel some doubt on if this is a true label, they can go to the media section. In the media section of the website, one can find audio and video clips, photos, and many other things. The audio and video clips and photos all help the label credibility. Now the person can hear and see that there are actual bands that have been signed by the site and are making real music. The site is not only credible but also very entertaining. Things such as the audio and video clips do not only make the site credible but also make the site very entertaining. Most websites will usually open with a page that you need to click to enter the site, but the Militia Group goes beyond just the picture by putting either information about a future CD or even sometimes music samples from an upcoming or new release.

African Americans in McMillen’s Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in t

Plight of the African Americans After Reconstruction in Neil McMillen’s Book, Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow Neil McMillen’s book, Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow categorically examines the plight of African Americans living in Mississippi during the era of Jim Crow. McMillen, a professor at the University of Southern Mississippi, describes the obstacles that African Americans dealt with in the fields of education, labor, mob violence, and politics. Supplementing each group with data tables, charts and excerpts from Southern newspapers of the day, McMillen saturates the reader with facts that help to understand the problems faced by black Mississippians in the years after Reconstruction. McMillen begins by tracing the roots of segregation in Mississippi beginning with common law and later evolving into state sponsored apartheid with the Plessey v. Ferguson decision and the new state constitution of 1890. The need for separation between the races arose out of feelings of â€Å"negrophobia† that overcame the white citizens of the South during the period of Jim Crow. Negrophobia was an overwhelming fear by white males in the South that if the races were in close proximity of each other the savage black men would insult the heavenly virtues of Southern white women. As a result black boys in Mississippi learned at an early age that even smiling at a white woman could prove dangerous. Although segregation was vehemently opposed by Black leaders when it was first instituted, by the 1890’s leaders such as Booker T. Washington began to emphasize self-help over social equality. The fact that Mississippi’s institutions were segregated lead to them being inh erently unequal, and without a... ...ing the life of African Americans during the Jim Crow era into specific categories McMillen made it easier for the reader to understand how the Jim Crow laws governed every aspect of Blacks lives. I especially found the section on mob violence interesting. It is amazing to me how brutal and inhuman some whites could be only eighty years ago. The only criticism I had of Dark Journey was that McMillen did not discuss the strong religious convictions of many Black Mississippians and how they used their faith to help them deal with the trauma of Jim Crow. However in the end by examining the lives of blacks after reconstruction this book has amazed me by showing me how far the South and Mississippi has come in such a relatively short period of time. Work Cited: Neil R. McMillen. Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow Illini Books edition, 1990

American and Iranian educational system Essay

In some counties, like Iran, one of the problems is that most of the immigrants prefer to live in the USA because of the educational system. In Iran, principals of the schools do not pay much attention to the way lessons are thought to the students; however, one of the places that care most about the educational system is the USA. In the United States, all students have the same opportunity of gaining their goals. By knowing the differences between the educational system between the USA and Iran, principals can develop the educational system better than before. Consequently, by having a better educational system, student’s knowledge will be improved. The educational structure in Iran differs from the USA in hardness of materials in high schools, opportunity for studying, atmosphere and facilities. The first difference between the educational system of Iran and the USA is that in Iran science materials in the high schools include university courses of the USA. Therefore, there are a lot for students to cover in high schools, and the courses are also too hard. So students in Iran study more prior to the university than their peers in the USA. Moreover, there is a university entrance exam in Iran that takes place each year in the summer, which includes all material of four years of high school. If students pass this test, they can attend to the university; otherwise, they should study one more year to retake the exam. Likewise, TASP is one of tests that all students should take, which takes place in some states in America; however, failing in any parts of these exams does not prevent students from entering universities in the year that they have planned to. . Additionally, in America, study materials in high schools cannot be compared to those of universities. Because from high school to university the courses become hard suddenly compared to the easy ones in the high schools. As a result, if students migrate from Iran to the USA, they will find most of the university courses easy because of having a strong educational back ground from their countries. In addition to complication of materials, another educational system variation between Iran and United States is the opportunity for people in all conditions to study. Most of students who have defects are ashamed of studying next to the other students in Iran. Besides, in Iran if disabled  students decide to continue studying in the universities, there are no efficient facilities as well as capable teachers for them. On the other hand, in the USA, schools pay equal attention to all normal and disabled students. For instance, the USA universities have specified computers, scanners, and testing centers for disabled students. They are also some people who can become their private tutors in case of demands. Furthermore, many people as well as the ones who are above thirty years old study in the American universities, but in Iran classroom colleagues have all same ages. Besides hardness of materials and study conditions, another contrast is atmosphere of the classes in Iran and the USA. In Iran, students can neither eat nor speak with each other in the class hours because it distracts others concentrations from teacher’s speech. On the other hand, in the United States, students can eat whenever they feel hungry in the class, which makes an informal atmosphere. They can also sit anyway that makes them more comfortable including a sleeping position. Then again, in the formal atmosphere of the classes in Iran, students have to have the instructor’s permission to get out of the class. In addition, the benefit of a formal atmosphere in class is that by paying more attention to their teacher, students can learn better. While not concentrating fully on to the teacher’s speech, has a negative effect on the educational level. Furthermore, the last important difference between educational system in Iran and the USA is having several kinds of facilities in their schools. Iran is one of the countries that dose not have too many facilities for the students. Therefore, if students did not read the chapter that their teacher want to teach before the class, they may confront difficulty in understanding it. Nevertheless, in spite of having less facility in the schools in Iran, students improve their learning level by registering in private or semiprivate classes. On the other hand, students in the USA have all kind of facilities in their schools, which are free for them. In the United States, student can access to various types of learning methods easily. As an example, by reading different books, having tutors, and watching films about that specific subject in their schools, they can improve their learning level. In summary, Educational system in Iran differs from the USA in hardness of material in high schools, condition of studying, atmosphere and tools of studying. Students can combine the positive methods of both Iran and the USA for improving their educational system. Additionally, having a break in the middle of a formal atmospheric class is an alternative way of recapturing students’ attention when they feeling tired distracts their attention.

Role Of The Forestry Department In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

2.1 IntroductionMalaysia is a tropical recite which consists of 3 parts peninsular Malaysia and the both(prenominal) Borneo res publicas of Sabah and Sarawak. Harmonizing to woodswindwindwindwind instrument Statistic Information for the Year 2009 from formal Website qualityry department peninsular Malaysia, the steped sphere in Peninsular Malaysia is 5.89 virtuoso grand piano super C hectargons from boilersuit Peninsular Malaysia Area which is 13.18 million hect argons.McMorrow & A Talip ( 2001 217, hinting woodwind instrument 1990 ) imbibe in pointed off that, base on its public presentation up till the bourninusinal of the 1980s Malaysia is champion of the 14 major states with over 250,000 hect bes de timber kingdomed yearly. They added that by the late 1980s half of the pound art little in Peninsular Malaysia and a fifth in Borneo had g champion. A assortment of f arrangeors contribute to this responsibility of personal vexation concerns. When dis timbreation and thump deterioration became critical issues, break burnish was singled come in by the authoritiess, and especi in tot solelyyy by the Sarawak authorities, as the of import bewilder of af plant loss. Yet, it has since been established that woodwind debasement due to switching agriculturists is minor ( Cramb 1989 Jomo et.al. 2004 Nicholas 2003 ) . The major ca subprograms of the diminution in plant unpolished and quality involve m aneymaking(prenominal) put downcast, farming(a) exploitation, dikes and relocation.To spirit profoundly into the affair of the campaign of potence from worldly concern forthice and af timbre section to af quality both unratified business in the wood comewind, the writer volition experience virtu tout ensembley comments about plant, illegitimate wood activities which include amerciable business of timber debark basiss, abominable record, and so on The Torahs oft(prenominal) as subject t rim down calculate1965 and guinea pig plantry influence 1984 that require abominable business in wood suck to be delimit. set educational performance or sustainable plant stress at whatever rate has to be define to roll in the hay about out overview of wood ordinance enforcement and schema supervise in Malaysia. Since the respondents of survey ar governments from land office and setry section, therefore the maps, bureaus or duties almost(prenominal)ways request to be delimitate.2.2 Definition2.2.1 woodwindHarmonizing to Oxford advance Learner s Dictionary, wood is a big res publica of land that is thickly covered with shoe steers. While in Cambridge expel Learner s Dictionary, wood is defined as a big farming of land covered with trees and workss, norm bothy bigger than a wood, or the trees and workss themselves. quality is a debatable and intercrossed class. As defined in FRA2000, it is a combination of a land-cover category and a land-use cat egory it relates non bargonly to the presence of trees of over 5m and 10 % cover bury, but in each(prenominal) event to the absence of opposite land utilizations much(prenominal) as detailory farm. It includes aras commonly forming portion of the woodwind instrument or piece of music which be temporarily unstocked but which be pass judgment to return to woodwind ( FAO timberlandry portion, 1998, p. 3 ) . upgrade complications stem from modifications in minimal shape up of country included ( 0.5 hour bung in FRA2000, comp ard with 100 hour angles in FRA1990 ) . Rubber plantations were included as plantations in FRA2000 but non in FRA1990. And temporary hookup a unvarying definition was employed in FRA2000, it has non be go on a planetary beat treatment proceed thenceforth ( FAO, 2002 ) , and a different 1 has been agreed for describing on the Kyoto Protocol ( UNFCCC, 2002 ) . Even if a somebody definition is agreed, as in FRA2000, jobs stick around and so may go rase much insidious because they be less obvious. At the state period, informations atomic number 18 undisturbed harmonizing to national definitions, and defend to be alter to the international oneness Food and horticulture giving medication of the united Nations ( FAO ) , Global wood Resources sagaciousness 2010 showed that woodwind instrument cover 31 per pennyum of faultless land country.Degree centigrades Documents and SettingsTHAMDesktopuntitled.JPGThe earthly concern s whole woodwind instrument country is tho over 4 million hectares, which corresponds to an norm of 0.6 hour angles per capita.The quint most plant-rich states ( the Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United tells of America and china ) history for more than than than half of the entire woodwind country. Ten states or countries have no wood at all and an extra 54 have forest on less than 10 per centum of their entire land country.Carol Yong ( 2006 ) revealed that th e official definition of a wood employ in Malaysia differs from the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) definition, which excludes countries beneath agricultural craws ( e.g. oil thenar ) . In Malaysia, nevertheless, the countries below oil thenar, gum rubber band and tree harvest-festivals are of go regarded as wood. The inquiry of the definition of forest is queerly important in the Malaysian setting where the Malaysian forest are speedily vanishing and, conversely, forest plantations countries are spread outing. Malayan Timber Council ( 2008 ) draws our attending that in the twelvemonth 2006, Malaysia has 32.95 million hectares of land country, of which 24.60 million hectares or 74.7 per centum of entire land country are classified as entire country low tree screen. Of these, 18.5 million hectares are plant country and 6.25 million hectares are former(a) tree bulls. Of the entire country under tree screen, 8.96 million hectares ( 36.42 per cent ) are found i n Sarawak, 11.23 million hectares ( 45.65 per cent ) are found in Peninsular Malaysia and 4.41 million hectares ( 17.93 per cent ) in Sabah. Sabah claims it has the least country under tree screen.S. Mather ( 1990 ) in Zalinda Binti Muhammad ( 2003 ) and noisah Binti Kasim ( 2006 ) stated that wood is one spectrum which has life similar elements like merchandise of the forest, ve procureations and zoologies, etc. Area of all the forest that has been de destinationine at the center of decennary 1980 is more than 4000 million hectare or 31 per centum of surface of the human race.Harmonizing to S.M. Mohd Idris who is the manager of Sahabat Alam Malaysia ( SAM ) or Friends of the undercoat Malaysia ( 1987 ) in Norisah Binti Kasim ( 2006 ) , he stated that forests head protective functions against environmental alterations. The complex function played by wood in the heat and H2O balance of the Earth is undeniable. At the local anaesthetic anaesthetic degree, the forest screen breaks the impact of heavy rainstorms on the dirt, reduces and slows conquer surface run off, and minimizes dirt crumble every bit vertical as state of affairs of the drainage outlines. fritter inundations and drawn-out inundations in m whatever countries of the topical universe are progressively referable to wide draw inance of forested countries. 2.2.2 unconventional OccupationHarmonizing to Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary, the deduction of business is the act of life in or utilizing a edifice, room, piece of land, etc. Meanwhile the signifi wadce of uncomely is non allowed by the jurisprudence or equivalent record with amerciable. in that locationfore illegitimate business freighter be defined as the act of life in or utilizing a edifice, room, piece of land, etc which is against the jurisprudence.2.2.3 blameful plant comeivities irregular wood activities is a enormous term that includes wicked record it is used to mention to activities broader th an moreover harvest basis, which is, transfer, impact and disdain ( Smith, 2002 ) . Brack and Hayman ( 2001 ) in like manner reference that bannedities may besides exit during conveyance, including flagitious processing and exportation, misdeclaration to imposts, and go away of revenue enhancements and other monies. outlaw(prenominal) forest activities include all extralegal performances of the Apostless cerebrate to forest ecosystems, forest industries, and ram down and non-timber wood merchandises. They include impresss of the Apostless related to the paper of rectifys to the land and corrupt activities used to get forest yieldings. embezzled actions of the Apostless include self-appointed business of public and private forestlands, record in defend or environmentally sensitive countries, reaping protected species of trees, forest incendiarism, wildlife poaching, improper conveyance of wood and other wood merchandises, smuggling, transfer price and other deceitful accounting patterns, unauthorised processing of wood merchandises, misdemeanor of environmental ordinances, and bribing authorities functionaries ( Contreras-Hermosilla 2002a ) on that point are m all types of contraband forest patterns like public retainers may O.K. illicit contracts with private endeavor. Private commercial corporations may reap trees of species that are protected by jurisprudence from timber using. Persons and comm unit of measurementies may come in public wood and lawlessly resume merchandises that are public belongings. Illegal activities do non halt at the forest. They run short down the line to trading operations in transportation, processing and administer of wood merchandises. Persons or corporations may smuggle wood merchandises crosssmart international boundary lines or mathematical operation natural wood stuffs without a certify. Corporations with cockeyed international links may unnaturally rot up the monetary look upon of imp orted inputs or deflate the pile and monetary set of their exports to rails down their revenue enhancement liability and to lull the vile transportation of pileus foreign ( FAO 2001 ) .Contreras-Hermosilla nowa twenty dollar bill-four hoursss interpreters of ill-gotten activities in the forestry sector, grouped into sextuplet-spot classs sinful business of forestlands criminal record incendiarism smuggled lumber trade and conveyance, and timber smuggling transfer pricing and other flagitious accounting patterns and contraband wood processing that shown in accede 1 below. 1 Illegal business of forestlandsa? intrusion of public forested lands by all rural house sacrifices,communities or private corporations to counterchange over them to agricultureor cowss farma? Practice of slash-and-burn agribusiness on invaded landsa? vote outless provincials illicitly busying forested countries to coerce authoritiess to allow land possession rights to them and these a uthoritiess purchasing lands from provincials.Illegal recorda? Logging protected speciesa? Duplication of droping permitsa? Girdling or ring-barking, to vote down trees so that they slew be legitimately loggeda? Contracting with local enterprisers to grease ones palms logs from protected countriesa? Loging in protected countriesa? Logging outside grant boundariesa? Loging in tabu countries such as steep inclines, riversides and H2O catchmentsa? Removing under-/over-sizingd trees from public woodsa? Extracting more timber than authoriseda? insurance coverage spirited hatful extracted in forest grantsto dissemble the fact that portion of the volumedeclared is extracted from non-authorized boundariesa? Loging without economya? Obtaining logging grants through payoffs. woodwind instruments incendiarisma?Setting forests on fire to change over them to commercial utilizations.Illegal timber conveyance, trade and lumber smugglinga? Transporting logs without mandatea? Transporting illicitly harvested lumbera? Smuggling lumbera? merchandise and importing tree species banned under internationaljurisprudence, such as Citationsa? Exporting and importing lumber in conflict of national prohibitions.Transportation pricing and other illegal accounting patternsa? Declaring lower determine and volumes exporteda? Declaring purchase monetary value higher than the predominating market monetary values as equipment or work from related companiesa? Manipulating debt hard currency flows to reassign money to a subordinate or parent comp all, such as blow uping debt refund to avoid revenue enhancements on net incomesa?Under-grading, under-valuing, under-measuring and misclassification of species exported or for the local market.Illegal forest processinga? Operating without a processing licencea? Ignoring environmental and social and labour Torahs and ordinancesa? Using illicitly obtained wood in industrial processing.Table 3 Examples of illegal patterns in the forestry se ctorThe World bank building estimates that loss of point in caused by illegal wood activities throughout the universe is deserve US $ 5 billion yearly. Illegal wood activities occur in tropical, temperate and boreal woods. 2 Illegal forest activities abound in m whatever states, for illustration* In Indonesia, every bit much as 50 million terce-dimensional metres of lumber are estimated to be illicitly cut-down all(prenominal) twelvemonth.* At least one-fifth of Russia s annual lumber swan is interpreted illicitly, and illegal harvest radical may account for every bit much as 50 per centum of the center field in East Asia.* In Cambodia in 1997, the volume of illicitly harvested logs was ten time that of the legal start out.* In Cameroon and Mozambique about half of the entire one-year lumber crop is illegal.* In Brazil, an estimated 80 per centum of lumber extracted individually twelvemonth in the Amazon is take illicitly.2.2.4 Illegal LoggingIllegal logging has no individualistic definition. It is non a legal term derived from pacts, legislative acts, or court of justice sentiments. Neither is it a well(p) term that professionals use in a consistent manner. In a general sense, illegal logging takes topographic point when lumber is harvested, transported, bought or exchange in misdemeanor of national Torahs ( shadowy and Hayman 2001 ) . This wide definition includes about every illegal act that may happen between the turning of the tree and the fake of the forest-based merchandise in the custodies of the consumer ( Rosenbaum 2003 )There are normally no expressed definitions for illegal logging. In pattern, the definition post be derived from the legal misdemeanors that are reported on in the national statistics refering illegal logging. This does non of necessity intend that other types of misdemeanors would be handle they may notwithstanding be save under different headers. In wide footings, the several(a) legal misdemeanors associated with illegal logging can be divided into octad groups ( I ) theft, ( both ) unauthorized harvest al-Qaeda, ( three ) non-compliance with ordinances related to timber harvest home, ( four ) non-compliance with the process of timber gross revenue/concession award, ( V ) use of timber informations, ( six ) equivocation of revenue enhancements and fees, ( sevener-spot ) non-compliance with ordinances refering conveyance or export of lumber, and ( seven ) disobedience with labour Torahs Typically, the statistics on illegal logging in the states heterogeneous in the survey refer to misdemeanors which involve fleshly removal of trees i.e. larceny, unauthorised harvest home and disobedience with dim ordinances.Corruptness in connexion with lumber harvest home is non recorded under illegal logging unless it involves physical removal of trees. All types of misdemeanors in the above list except larceny could affect corruptness. Based on interviews with assorted stake see to iters in the states involved in the survey, disobedience with labour Torahs is perceived to be merely weakly linked to illegal logging. firmament-specific records are non maintained and forest organisation is non involved in enforcement activities.The illegal logging phenomenon is incomplete tonic nor uncontested by the authorities. It started in the hoary ages prior to the social stinting reform it reached the extremum in 1997 and continues to day of the month. From this point of position, the unwellness has non infected merely one sector but has extended its roots into other sectors of the economic system, and the therapeutic for this unwellness requires the intersectoral cooperation of public presidency, non denying here the interest community and the work of the economic and environmental NGOs.2.3 woodwind instrument warinessForest focus is the division of forestry bear on with the overall administrative, economic, legal, and societal facets and with th e basically scientific and proficient facets, curiously silviculture, protection, and forest ordinance. This includes elbow room for aesthetics, lean, diversion, urban values, H2O, wilderness, wildlife, wood merchandises, forest familial resources and other forest resource values. circumspection can be based on saving, economic sciences, or a concoction of the two. Techniques include timber extr consummation, seting and replanting of assorted species, cutting roads and tracts through woods, and forestalling fire. baronial forest bearing in Malaysia was introduced in 1901 by the British colonial governing body with the creative activity of a wood section. The section was involved in forestry vegetation, silvicultural pattern, polity grooming and forest saving. Forestry policies formulated by the British in the 1920s and thirty-something were consolidated as the theme Forestry insurance indemnity ( NFP ) in 1978 to stop up bang-up operation of forest direction, preser vation and schooling crossways all provinces. This is because land and forest in Malaysia are purely province affairs. The ad hoc forest direction polity right by each province makes monitor and image of forest resources at the federal degree hard. The theme Forestry good turn ( NFA ) of 1984 provides for orderly harvest home, reformation and preservation of trees at the sustainable output degree.2.3.1 Significance of Forest centering2.3.2 Sustainable Forest focusingSustainable Forest Management ( SFM ) is the manner of direction in which ontogeny exceeds timber crop, now besides encompasses economic sciences, environmental and societal qualities that contribute to the sustainability of forest dependent communities and ecosystems every bit good as the forest itself. Malaysia has a course of study more environmentally-friendly and creditworthy for(p) concern patterns. This will assist cut down runing cost in the long-term and is a wise investing in the hereafter, safegua rding the natural resources depending on corporations and communities. For illustration, local corporations in wood industries are fall ining WWF s Global Forest and Trade Network. They are aiming European and US markets, where consumers are progressively demanding wood merchandises from sustainably managed woods ( WWF-Malaysia, 2008 ) .Harmonizing to International Tropical Timber Organization ( ITTO, 1992 ) , sustainable wood direction is the summons of pull offing woods to hit one or more clearly specified aims of direction with respect to the product of a un give wayed flow of envy wood merchandises and services, without undue decrease of its mingle value and future productiveness, and without undue unwanted effects on the physical and societal environments.FAO ( 1993 ) defines it as one which ensures that the values derived from forest meet present twenty-four hours demands while at the same metre guaranting their continued handiness and use to long-run development dema nds.Sustainable Forest Management ( SFM ) is unthinkable to effect if a state does non adhere a direction system. In this respect, the example of more systematic attack in pull offing the woods in Peninsular Malaysia began in 1901 when the primary forest officer was appointed ( Ismail, 1996 ) . Since so, forest direction patterns in Peninsular Malaysia had been subjected to constant recapitulation and polish so as to guarantee their suitableness in accomplishing forest reclamation and sustained output.Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 study has provides a comprehensive overview of the backwashs of FRA 2010 grouped harmonizing to seven subjects, covering cardinal facets of sustainable forest directiona? boundary of forest resourcesa? Forest biologic diversenessa? Forest wellness and vervea? Protective maps of forest resourcesa? Productive maps of forest resourcesa? Socio-economic maps of woodsa? Legal, insurance policy and institutional rooml2.4 Legal FrameworkThe fo restry policies are machineed in the main through the commissariats in the forest Torahs enacted for the three parts subject field Forestry Act 1984 for Peninsular Malaysia, Forest Regulation 1958 for Sarawak and Forest human activity 1968 for Sabah, and the assorted amendments by the affirms. The other related ordinances that affect forestry for Peninsular Malaysia include the buck saving Act 1960, environmental feel Act 1974, internal Parks Act 1980, Protection of Wildlife Act 1972, subject field background code 1965, Aboriginal Peoples Act 1954, occupational condom and Health Act 1994 and Forest Rules 1985. For Sabah, the relevant ordinances include Forest Rules 1969, Wildlife Conservation depicting 1977, write down edict 1930, cultural Heritage ( Conservation ) 1997, Sabah Parks passageway 1984, Biodiversity characterisation 2000, Conservation of surround Enactment 1996, Water Resource Enactment 1998, and environmental Quality Act 1974. Sarawak has the Natural Resources and Environment decree 1997, Forest Rules 1962, Wildlife Protection legislation and Rules 1998, The Forests ( Planted Forest ) Rules 1997, Sarawak Biodiversity Centre Ordinance 1997, Sarawak Biodiversity ( Access, Collection & A Research Regulations ) 1998, defeat Code 1958, Natural Resource and Environmental Ordinance, Water Ordinance 1994, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, shoot down Ordinance 1952, Native Code 1992, Native Code Rules 1996, and Native Custom Declaration 1996.2.4.1 The Torahs2.4.1.1 Malayan Fundamental lawForests are under the profession of the provinces as enshrined in the Malayan national temper. Under h darkened 74 ( 12 ) of the national Constitution, land and forest ownership and direction is the duty of the country authoritiess. each province has control over how they use and protect their forest resources so come up with their ain policies. For illustration, Sarawak governs under the Sarawak Forest Regulation of 1954 while Sabah operates under the Sabah Forest Enactment of 1968. The decision maker authorization of the national governance merely extends to the proviso of advice and proficient aid to the maintains includes aid with forest direction, conceptualization of forces, behavior of research and presentation or experimental Stationss unless the situate agrees to point some of their authorization to the national Government. However, the Federal Government is answerable for trade policies, import and export controls and international cooperation among others.Under the proviso of Article 74 Clause ( 2 ) of the Malayan Constitution, land and forest are defined as province affairs and are therefore inwardly the legal male monarch of the some(prenominal) realm Governments. Clause ( 3 ) of Article 76 of the Malayan Constitution ensures that all Acts related to land and forest shall non come into force in a maintain unless it has been adopted by a jurisprudence do by the legislative assembly o f the State. As such each State is em role to ordain Torahs on forestry and to explicate wood policy independently. The executive authorization of the Federal Government merely extends to the proviso of advice and proficient aid to the States, preparation and the behavior of research, and in the care of experimental and presentation Stationss.2.4.1.2 content Forest form _or_ system of governmentUpon independence from the British in 1957, the Colonial smear returned the woods to Malaysia. In 1958, with commissariats under the Federal Constitution, the National Land Council ( NLC ) was formed for organizing State and Federal policies and aims covering land usage, gibe, forestry and agribusiness to explicate from clip to clip in audience with the Federal Government, the State Governments and the National Finance Council a national policy for the publicity and control of the use of land throughout the Federation the development of natural resources was hence sensed piecemeal, inst ead than holistically ( Kathirithamby-Wells 2005 267 ) . The first measure to protecting the forest resources in Malaysia was the formation of the National Forestry Council ( NFC ) in celestial latitude 1971. The end of the NFC was to make co-ordinated programs and efficaciously pull off Malaysians woods. The NFC is make up of the hirer Curates from all 13 provinces.Subsequently, this fundamental organize created the basis for the formation of the National Forestry insurance ( NFP ) . This policy was officially adopted by the Malayan authorities in 1978. This policy recognizes the importance of woods for the public avail of both single communities and that state itself. Malaysia has use itself to sustainable timber output patterns.The National Forest Policy for Peninsular Malaysia of 1978 was rewrite in 1992 to integrate several untested elements, one of which is on the importance of forest jurisprudence enforcement. In this revised policy statements, it was emphasized that the State Governments through their several State theater director Forestry must judicially implement the National Forest Act 1984 ( Revised 1993 ) to guarantee sustainable forest resource direction and preservation.2.4.1.3 National Forestry Act 1984An Act to supply for the disposal, direction and preservation of woods and forestry development indoors the States of Malaysia and for connected intents. There is the amendment to National Forestry Act 1984 in 1993 to supply for stiffer penaltys for illegal logging and recruitment the Police and Armed Forces to help the Forestry Departments in transporting out enforcement to control illegal logging, lumber larceny and invasions.The cardinal step taken by the Government to forestall forest curse was by amending the National Forestry Act, 1984 to integrate new commissariats to discourage the happening of wood discourtesies. The Act was enacted to update and harmonise forest jurisprudence in the Peninsula. Prior to the Act, the assort ed State authoritiess depend on the State Forest Enactment s, which were formulated in 1930 s, for legal guidelines on forest direction and preservation. The Act besides enables the effectual exertion of the National Forestry Policy passed in 1978. It was amend in 1993 to further recoil up its commissariats to control illegal invasion of woods and larceny of lumber. The Act has been adopted by all the provinces in Peninsular Malaysia.The chief aims of amending the Act are as followsI ) To increase the punishments and fasten the processs in increase forest offensestwo ) To reassign tear of cogent designate from the prosecuting officer to the falsifying in the courtroomthree ) To depute power in authorship by State theatre director of Forestry under subdivision 88, 89, 90, 92 or 93 to every(prenominal) member of the armed forces non below the rank(a) of Lance Corporal as empowered to the constabulary but shall non include the power of probefour ) To add new subdivisions 100A and 100B for wagess and protection of betrayers severally, subdivision speed of light and oneA for power of tribunal to order annulment and disqualification, subdivision 110A for discourtesies attached by licensee or holder of license, and natural Sixth Schedule for list of machines, equipment and conveyance .V ) To do general amendments in the national linguistic communication text, alteration of name in the national linguistic communication text and replacement subdivisions 5, 69, 101 and 1042.4.1.4 National Land CodeHarmonizing to subdivision 425 improper business, etc. , of province Land, reserved land or excavation land National Land Code ( Act 56 of 1965 ) and ordinances, discussion section 425 ( 1 ) stated that any individual who, without rightful(a) authorization Occupies, or erects any edifice on, any State land, reserved land or excavation land orClears, Big Dippers, digs, encloses or cultivates any such land or portion thereof orCuts or removes any lumber or lick forth on or from such land,shall be guilty of an offense, and apt on strong imprint to a all right non transcending ten thousand Ringgit, or shackles for a term non transcending one twelvemonth.( 1A ) Any individual who abets the perpetration of an offense under sub-section ( 1 ) shall be guilty of an offense, and apt on strong belief to a all right non transcending ten thousand ringgit, or handcuffs for a term non transcending one twelvemonth, or to both.( 2 ) For the intent of this subdivision, State Land shall include all land held by or on behalf of Federal or State Government a local authorization or a statutory authorization exerting power vested in it by Federal or State jurisprudence. percentage 426 besides stated that improper extraction or remotion of stone stuff besides show that any individual who without lawful authorization, extracts removes, or, conveyances or permits the extraction, remotion or transit of stone stuff from any land shall be guilty of an offense, a nd apt on strong belief to a all right non transcending 50 thousand ringgit, or fetter for a term non transcending quintuple old ages, or to both. 3 portion 426A show that any constabularies officer non below the rank of Inspector, Registrar, Land Administrator, Settlement military officer or other officer duly authorized by the State trust ( afterlife in this portion referred to as authorised officer may without secondment- guard any individual found perpetrating or trying to perpetrate or abetting the committee of an offense under subdivision 425 or 426Seize any vehicle, tractor, agricultural implement or other thing whatever which he has ground to believe was used or is beingness used in the committee of an offense under that subdivisionDemolish, destroy or take any edifice, or take ownership in the name of the State Authority of any harvest, erected or cultivated on any land land in dispute thereof.2.4.1.5 listen of improper activities under each LawMisdemeanors of th e protective commissariats ( harm of wood coldness through fire, prohibited Acts of the Apostless in a wood modesty, illegal logging and remotion from other countries, cutting of undersized trees ) are punished by hook and imprisonment in the case of unauthorised approach for intervention with fencings or notice boards, by a all right totally Idaho. Section 20 ( 1 ) ( C ) and 33 ( 1 ) . Assorted offenses of fraud, loneliness of grounds and having forest immature goods are besides punished by pinch and imprisonment ( Section 30 ) .In add-on to mulcts and imprisonment, the Forest Enactment authorizes the tribunal to order the cancellation of licenses, the compensation of any fees that would hold been collectible in the instance of unauthorized Acts of the Apostless that could hold been licensed, and compensation of 10 propagation the value of forest park goods remote or damaged ( Enactment No. 2 of 1968, Section 34 ) . There is besides proviso for combination of curren t offenses come ining closed country, rehearsing switching cultivation ( Section 20 ( C ) , undetermined to the payment of an sum based on the mulct provided for the offense ( Section 35 ) .The Forest Enactment contains a form of givens that shift the load of cogent evidence to the suspect charged with a forest offense. In prosecutions against licensees, if there is an extraction alley from an country of alleged illegal remotion to the accredited country, or if the volume of lumber claimed to be covered by a license exceeds the production of the accredited country, the elements of illegal remotion or of ownership of green goods in regard of which an offense has been committed are presumed. In any instance in which the being of a license, payment of any royalty, ownership of farm puppet or forest green goods, or the birthplace of wood green goods is in issue, the load of cogent evidence prevarications on the accused ( id. Section 38 ) .2.4.2 The Agencies Involved2.4.2.1 Forestr y Department Peninsular MalaysiaForestry Department Peninsular Malaysia ( JPSM ) is one of the sections under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia and consists of Peninsular Malaysia Forestry Headquarters, 11 State Forestry Department and 33 district Forest social function in all of the Peninsular Malaysia. The section is headed by Director worldwide of Forestry and assisted by two delegate Director of Forestry. At the storage of 2009, the figure of employees is about 5.432 people.Forestry Department is answerable for the direction, planning, protection and development of the constant Forest take ( HSK ) in conformity with the National Forestry Policy ( NDP ) 1992 and National Forestry Act ( APN ) 1984.Peninsular Malaysia Forestry Headquarters responsible for the preparation of forestry policies, furnish advice and proficient services to State Forestry Department in the planning, direction and development of woods, forest harvest home and wood-based i ndustries, forest operations research, and preparation and human resource development. At the Head military position of Forestry, there are two representative Director General who are Deputy Director ( Policy and Planning ) and Deputy Director ( trading operations and practiced ) is responsible for each of the six divisions. Meanwhile, there is one Unit of bar and another one division is straight person responsible to the Director General of Forestry.Sector Policy and Planning Deputy Director General of Forestry ( Policy and Planning ) in charge of planning and economic wood, forest resource direction, silviculture and preservation of forest biologic science, wood development and forest eco-park, province Parkss, international personal businesss and forestry plantation and forest protection. Sector trading operations and Technical Deputy Director General of Forestry ( Operations and Technical ) is responsible for the personal businesss of disposal and finance, technology, fo restry, lumber industry, proficient and enforcement of the forest, forestry preparation and human capital development and information engineering systems development.2.4.2.2 State Forestry Department Negeri SembilanState Forestry Department is responsible for the disposal and control of forest development, forest gross accrual and development of province forest resources. The section besides plans and coordinates the development of wood-based industries. State Forestry Department is divided into Forest Operations Division and Forest discipline and back up by the Office of the Forest District.Forest Operations Division is responsible for disposal, forest jurisprudence enforcement, gross appeal, and co-ordinates and liaises with the Head Office of Forestry, other province sections, statutory organic structures and bureaus. Meanwhile Forestry Development Division is responsible for planning, implementing and supervising the activities of direction and development of woods, includin g biodiversity preservation, ecotourism development and rehabilitation of forest countries and the readying and slaying of the State Forest Management Plan.Forest Office District is responsible for disposal, control of forest development, forest gross aggregation and enforcement of forest Torahs. This office is besides responsible for implementing the activities of direction and development of woods, including forest direction of forest eco-park and province Parkss.The operation in the wood of State Forestry Department can split into two parts which are jurisprudence enforcement and forest harvest home. In jurisprudence enforcement portion, enforcement activities undertaken in all countries modify the Permanent Forest Reserve, the State Land Reserve and alienated land. In peculiar, this activity is to implement the National Forestry Act 1984 and amendments, the Rules of the Forest Enactment of the Wood Industry and the Rules of the Wood Industry.Forestry Department is besides takin g a precautional attack to learning from clip to clip through Development curriculum and Publicity through seminars, classs and official accounts and besides in the field, particularly to operators / lumbermans to follow with ordinances and Torahs in force.The consequences of the National Forestry Council-19 in 2005 had decided that all forest discourtesies affecting Section 15 and Section 40 of the APN 1984 ( Amendment 1993 ) ( instances of illegal logging ) are no longer allowed to be compounded, but proceed with prosecution in tribunal proceedings.In add-on, Section 86 and Section 107 is besides the subdivisions contained in the bing APN 1984 ( Rev. 1993 ) for instances of mistakes that can non be compounded even though it is the first clip. All of these discourtesies shall be referred to the State Legal Advisor for more sentiments and public presentation of appropriate direction.Reaping of woods in was conducted in conformity with demands of the standard standards, indexs and activities set by the ITTO Year 2000 Objective and the MS ISO 9000 for the development of Forest Land in the Permanent Reserved Forests are capable to an one-year allowable cut an country of 2.460 hectares. Forest Harvesting is the chief standards to pull off and keep woods in line with the rules of Sustainable Forest Management for the attain of societal, economic, cultural and environmental.The harvest home of woods is taking activity and forest green goods that contributes to the development and socio-economic development. Reaping the Permanent Forest Reserve is an activity that must be employ harmonizing to the best forest direction systems to cut and take plenty wood to size and adulthood of the demands of wood-based industries. Harvesting is carried out selective cutting system with adequate left over(p) base at the following unit of ammunition in line with the economic development of forest resources to guarantee sustainability and environmental stableness.2.4.2.3 Land Off ice and DistrictAmong the maps, functions and duties of Land Office and District are supplying services in direction, finance, services, licensing, records direction and security functionaries with the place of easing travel and fiscal disposal and program, manage, co-ordinate and implement policies for socio-economic development of local communities particularly in rural countries to accomplish the NEP by supplying basic installations needed.Land office and District responsible to make an efficient land disposal system to guarantee efficient and effectual mode all affairs ( traffics ) are concern with the land and guarantee that all studies made by members of the cosmos are investigated and action taken quickly. They besides need to maximise gross aggregation and better aggregation of arrears of gross and update history records the consequences of the Land Office from clip to clip with the right and subject the returns within the specified clip.Land Office and District can be d ivided to three chief divisions which are Management Services Division, Land Management Division, and Development Division. Under the Land Management Division, there are Land Development Unit, Land Disposal Unit, Land alteration Unit & A Heritage, Revenue Unit, and Enforcement Unit.The maps of Enforcement Unit are place the location of jobs and ailments, monitoring and carry oning probes, behavior patrols every week two times and guarantee that all activities that performed has valid license.Among the functions and duties of Enforcement Unit are look into the land in relation to the drill of province land, permits for prospecting, transition, impermanent housing licence applications, subdivision, subdivision, consolidation, reserve, land acquisition, implement enforcement on illegal land geographic expedition, breach of condition of land, the transportation of stone stuff, carry out enforcement responsibilities, the detainment, arrogation, devastation, in line power supplied un der the Section 426A National Land Code ( NLC ) , investigate studies of instances associating to set down jurisprudence ( NLC ) , regulate affairs associating to the merchandises of stone stuffs and responsible for capturing, destruction, and provide basic coverage breaches and illegal business and misdemeanor types of status harmonizing to Section 426A NLC.2.4.3 The Power or Duties of Agencies2.4.3.1 Monitoring2.4.3.2 EnforcementThe Forest Enactment empowers forest and constabularies officers to carry on hunts without warrant ( except in homes ) , seize forest green goods, and equipment and apprehension suspected wrongdoers where they are improbable to look on biddings or decline to place themselves right ( Section 36 ) . Forest officers do non hold the powers of ranking constabulary officers to attest to statements made by an accused ( californium. Malaysia Crim. Pro. Code, F, M, S. Cap. 6 ) , although some ictuss might hold the same consequence.2.4.4 The Punishments2.4.4.1 List of punishments for each improper activitySectionInformation ABOUT SectionPunishment15Take any forest green goods from a constant reserved forest or a State land finely non transcending 4 five hundred 1000 ringgit and to imprisonment for a term which shall non be less than one twelvemonth but shall non transcend twenty old ages.25 ( 2 )Fails to follow with a Form 2 notice book non transcending 5 50 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending 6 five old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment and if the offense is a go oning one, to a farther mulct non transcending 7 one 1000 ringgit for every twenty-four hours.32 ( 1 )Occupy or transport out any activity upon any land within a lasting reserved forest without permissionFine non transcending 8 50 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending 9 five old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment40 ( 1 )Remove any forest green goods without removal licence from any( a ) anomic land ( B ) land h eld under a impermanent business licence ( degree Celsius ) excavation land or( vitamin D ) reserved land,Fine non transcending 10 five hundred 1000 ringgit and to imprisonment for a term which shall non be less than one twelvemonth but shall non transcend twenty old ages.47 ( 1 ) & A ( 4 )Enter any closed wood without permissionFine non transcending 11 10s thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending three 12 old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment.50 ( 4 )Use of forest roads without route license13Fine non transcending ten thousand ringgit81 ( 1 )Acts prohibited in lasting reserved woods( a ) graze cowss or license cowss to graze ( B ) fell, cut, ring, grade, lop or tap any tree or injure by fire, or otherwise, or take any tree or lumber ( degree Celsius ) cause any harm in droping any tree or film editing or dragging any lumber ( vitamin D ) hunt for, collect, capable to any fabricating influence or take any forest green goods or minerals ( vitamin E ) clear or interrupt up any land for cultivation or any other intent ( degree Fahrenheit(postnominal) ) use toxicant substance, or detonate or other explosives on rivers or lakes for the intent of fishing or Hunt, shoot, fish or set traps or traps or( g ) trespass in any mode non in this subdivision hereinbeforeprohibitedFine non transcending 14 10s thousand ringgitAFine non transcending 15 50 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending 16 five old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonmentAFine non transcending ten thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending three old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment82 ( 1 )Carry any fire, or leave any fire combustion, within a lasting reserved forestFine non transcending 17 50 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending 18 five old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment.Table 5 Summary of illegal business in the wood and punishment harmonizing to Act 313 National For estry Act 1984 and National Forestry ( Amendment ) Act 1993 Act A864 The tabular array above shows that the punishments that imposed to the illegal residents or any individual who are interrupt the jurisprudence is really high and can leap to twofold, trifold and even much more higher after the amendment of National Forestry Act in 1993. For illustration, the people who are take any forest green goods from a lasting reserved forest or a State land harmonizing to subdivision 15 is all right non transcending five 100 1000 ringgit and to imprisonment for a term which shall non be less than one twelvemonth but shall non transcend twenty old ages but antecedently was 10 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending three old ages or to both before the National Forestry ( Amendment ) Act 1993 Act A864 implemented.2.5 Analysis of Legal Framework2.5.1 FailingYearNo. Of CasesNotes1987172BEFORE Amendment to National Forestry Act 1984198813619892331990172199151219921911993 149AFTER Amendment to National Forestry Act 1984199441199534199614199722199823199926200037200115200213200321Table 4 Number of Illegal Logging Cases in Peninsular Malaysia Harmonizing To Year ( 1987 2003 )This has shown that authorities s drive to forestall illegal forest activities in the forest particularly illegal logging in Peninsular Malaysia from acquiring worse nevertheless in fact the illegal business in the wood is still go on. Since there is stricter punishments for those illegal residents after amendment of National Forestry Act in 1993 but why illegal business still can go on even in the reserved land. This has revealed that is the impuissance of system monitoring and enforcement from relevant governments like land office and forestry section who have the power to supervise and implement against illegal residents.2.5.2 ProposalHarmonizing to newspaper Utusan Malaysia dated ( 15-10-2009 ) , Y.B. Tan Sri Joseph Kurup who is Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Envir onment ( NRE ) tell that his ministry likes to amend and streamline the commissariats of the National Forestry Act 1984 to turn to the issue of illegal logging. He besides added that they want to set up enforcement squads in the wood territory and province degrees and winging squad in the Forestry Department for battling illegal logging instances in add-on to placing countries with high happening of such events.That has showed that authorities wants to beef up their system of monitoring and enforcement particularly illegal logging instances. However there are still holding other illegal forestry activities happen such as illegal business of forestland, fire combustion, and so on which will give a great impact to the environment and single. wherefore there is a survey or research to supervise other illegal forestry activities and better the enforcement against the illegal residents.2.6 DrumheadFrom the survey that have been done, illegal wood activities which include illegal busi ness, illegal logging, etc need look in earnest by the relevant governments, organisation or non-governmental organisation ( NGO ) and even the populace who are concern about the illegal business in the wood. Since these activities can do harm or destruct the base of biodiversity of vegetations and zoologies in the wood, therefore indispensable stairss need to transport out to protect them from being destroy or extinct. Government or related governments have done their attempt to forestall the illegal business in the wood by enforcing heavier punishments to the illegal residents by the amendment of National Forestry Act 1984 in 1993 and National Land Code ( Amendment ) act 2008. The consequence after the amendment is figure of illegal logging instances in Peninsular Malaysia bead dramatically in that period but illegal businesss in the wood still go on and seems similar addition late. and then there is of import to analyze or reassess system monitoring and enforcement of the gove rnments from land office and forestry section because of the impact of illegal business in the wood. In the undermentioned chapter, the instance survey will turn on the wood of Negeri Sembilan where illegal businesss take topographic point to happen out the causes and betterment of system monitoring if demand.